The hemoglobin B gene (Hb) has a common allele (A) of SNP (rs 332) that encodes the Hb^A form of (adult hemoglobin) and a rare allele (T) that encodes the sickling form of hemoglobin, Hb^S. Among 571 members of the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, 440 were A/A. 129 were A/T, and 2 were T/T individuals. Use the chi-square test to determine whether these observed genotypic frequencies fit the Hardy-Weinberg expectations.

Please show work.

Doctors may be able to inject a functioning copy of the gene mutated in Sam's DNA in the cells of his eyes. If the procedure were successful, would you expect Sam to regain his vision? Why or why not?

The chart below refers to meiosis in a diploid individual composed of cells with 10 chromosomes during the G1 phase.  Fill in the missing meiotic stage, description of major event during that stage, or # of chromosomes/# of DNA molecules.

So that chart starts out by saying that a cell has 10 chromosomes in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Remember that G1 precedes meiosis I. Saying that the cell has 10 chromosomes in G1 is saying that the diploid number of chromosomes in 10. Another way to say it is that there are 5 homologous pairs of chromosomes.   

So 5 is the haploid number. The point of meiosis is to make haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells). And the transition from diploid to haploid comes as the cell completes telophase I. So cells are diploid throughout meiosis I; then they are haploid throughout meiosis II.

The goal of meiosis II is to convert a haploid number of replicated chromosomes into a haploid number of unreplicated chromosomes (this involves the separation of sister chromatids in anaphase II).

During ____________________ of mitosis __________________ chromatids segregate.

A. telophase; sister

B. telophase; non-sister

C. anaphase; sister

D. anaphase; non-sister

E. metaphase; sister

F. metaphase; non-sister

After isolating DNA from a newly studied human population, it is found that the 112th base of the NGF receptor gene is a “T” in most individuals in this population; in all other human populations in which the gene had been sequenced previously, this base was always found to be an “A.” This newly-discovered polymorphism would be classified as a

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

simple sequence repeat polymorphism (SSR)

insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel)

copy number variation (CNV)

complex variant

The uptake of the recombinant DNA into bacterial cells during molecular cloning is called

transcription

replication

transformation

ligation

selection

In automated DNA sequencing reaction by the Sanger method, which of the following is NOT required?

fluorescently-labeled dideoxynucleotides

deoxynucleotides

DNA polymerase

a DNA primer

none of the above (i.e. all the above are required in the reaction)

The question can be answered in a variety of ways. You are encouraged (and in some case required) to use graphs and diagrams as part of your answer, to illustrate your argument or particular concept.

Neobatrachus, Varanus and Camelus walk out of the desert and into a pub in the Australian outback. There, over cold pints of Toohey’s and Cooper’s, they regale other pub patrons with stories how they survived an extremely hot and dry summer season. Fill in their narrative, using your understanding of terrestrial these animals’ thermo- and osmoregulation.

part a: Compare advantages and disadvantages of metagenomics and genomics. What is meant by the term “metagenomics”?

part b : Describe the process of negative control of gene expression. Explain the role that repressor proteins play in this process.

part c Describe the two types of protein components involved in a two-component regulatory system. What are their roles?

part d Describe the SOS response.

15. The island of Flores was home to a small hominid named Homo floresiensis. This species was smaller than most hominids and isolated on the island. Describe how this species may have adapted to life on the island and provide a reasonable hypothesis regarding which known hominid they likely evolved from.  

12. Explain why there is far more genetic variation in Africa than there is anywhere else in the world. How does this relate to our understanding that we originated from Africa?

1. An analogy of a rechargeable battery can be used to describe ATP. Explain this analogy in detail and evaluate whether this analogy is accurate.

2. RuBisCo is used by almost all photoautotrophs. It is believed to be the most important enzyme in the biosphere by many scientists. Defend or refute this claim. Be detailed.

3. Imagine you are a genetic engineer who is interested in plants as a method to fight climate change. What reactions and molecules in photosynthesis should you target? Explain.

1. Which of the following statements about the world’s population is FALSE?