Explain the difference between the primary and secondary immune responses.

Answer all three

1. How do you distinguish between an animal that is not cephalized from one that is cephalized?

2. The term for molting is ecdysis. What are the two animal phyla that need to molt in order to grow larger? How do they use their coverings to their advantage?

3. Under proper conditions, a leopard frog can jump over 10X its body length! Imagine our frog jumped 155 cm. How many meters is that? How many meters could you jump if you could leap like a frog?

?

1.Describe structure and function of cell membrane.

2. Define enzymes and describe their function

1. Since carbon dioxide is about 20 times more soluble than oxygen in the blood plasma, the carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid.....

a. to lower the pH of the blood.

b.to raise the pH of the blood.

c.to maintain appropriate partial pressures, allowing more carbon dioxide to enter the blood from the tissues.

d.none of these choices are correct.

2. Gases diffuse....

a. from an area of low pressure to another area of low pressure.

b. from an area where they are not needed to an area where they are needed.

c. from an area of high pressure to another area of high pressure.

d.from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

e. from an area of low pressure to an area of high pressure.

3.Which of the following best represents cellular respiration?

a.O2 & CO2 exchange between air & blood

b.C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

c.air entering and leaving the lungs

d.O2 & CO2 exchange between blood & tissues

e. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →C6H12O6 + 6O2

4. Which of the following is NOT commonly included as part of the processes involved in respiration?

a.Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

b.Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

c.Air enters and leaves the lungs.

d.ATP is produced within the body cells.

e.Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and the blood.

It is multiple choice, please be specific

19. What is the cell cycle control system? How does it function? What can happen if this system malfunctions?

Define watershed and the watershed approach to water quality management. What are the implications of water quality management regulations based on watershed management?

What are the primary laws/acts that regulate water quality in the US?

What federal and state agencies are responsible for regulating water quality? What role does each agency serve?

Can a small farm be required to have a permit to operate a waste management? If so, why would this be the case?

Define a nutrient management plan.

What are the important components of a nutrient management plan?

What nutrients are being regulated/managed?

Why is having proper nutrient management important?

When describing “animal welfare”, what conditions must be met and/or supplied for the animals as outlined in the Five Freedoms?

What does the phrase “a rat is a dog is a boy” imply?

Compare and contrast Animal Rights and Animal Welfare.

Name a leader that has helped advance Animal Rights in the US.

Name two animal rights groups.

Name leaders who have served as advocates for animal welfare.

Describe how property rights have been established and what protects a citizen’s property rights.

Define an argument. Define an ethical argument. Why do we argue?

What makes a problem an ethical issue?

Define normative premise and describe how this is relevant to ethical arguments.

Describe the ethical theories discussed by Dr. James.

Develop an ethical argument as practiced in lecture with Dr. James about an issue discussed during the semester.

Describe the challenges of expanding global meat supply in relation to growing demand.

Define CAFO. Define AFO. What are the differences between these two types of operations?

Define Animal Unit. What are the limits of using this definition?

Describe the main differences between an animal waste management system and a municipal waste management system.

What are the main components of an animal waste management system?

What are the main objectives of the animal waste management system?

What are the two major emissions lost from the animal waste management system that are associated with a negative impact on the environment?

Describe factors that affect the degree of odors emitted from a livestock operation?

Describe the factors that impact the “offensiveness” of livestock operations.

Define key terms associated with water quality.

Answer all three

1. Identify two traits shared by members of the phyla Echinodermata and Chordata not seen in the other animal phyla you observed.

2. Hypothesize why the skeletons of vertebrates have the same general bone types.

3. What is an advantage of bilateral body symmetry?

What are the two hypotheses supporting low-carbohydrate-high-protein diets as an effective weight losing strategy?

1.) Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, curved-shaped bacterial pathogen which causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and muscle cramps after consuming fecal contaminated water. Cholera killed thousands of people during the 1800’s as people traveled West to colonize the United States and more recently in Haiti after a devastating earthquake in 2010. Vibrio’s ability to cause potentially deadly diarrhea is due to a toxin it secretes called Cholera Toxin (CT). Vibrio is thought to have gained the gene which codes for CT from a bacteriophage.

A.) Which form of horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transduction OR transformation) allowed Vibrio to produce the cholera toxin? (1p)

B.) Briefly describe the steps involved during this particular form of horizontal gene transfer. (2pts)

C.) Research and briefly explain how the rapid dipstick test works for identification of V. cholerae. Is it biochemical, immunological or genetic identification? (2pts)

2. Here is the figure of the G protein couple receptor (GPCR) activation of K+ channels in the pacemaker cells of the heart (right).

Under which of the following scenarios would the effect of acetylcholine be enhanced (thus resulting in slowing the heart beat rate)? For those scenarios which do not enhance the effect of acetylcholine, explain why it would not do so. (3 pts)

a. Changes in the protein structure of the K⁺ channel which would decrease the interaction of the activated bg complex and the K⁺ channel.

b. An extremely high affinity of the G protein for GDP.

c. GTP molecules which are not hydrolysable

d. Changes in the receptor protein which decreases the affinity of the receptor for acetylcholine

3. Compare and contrast cell signaling via GTP-binding proteins (molecular switches) and signaling through the cortisol activation of a transcription factor (4 pts).

4. Many extracelluar signals which promote survival and growth work through RTKs. The activated AKt (also called protein kinase B) promotes cells survival through its interaction with Bad and Bcl2. Akt is able to phosphorylate Bad which inactivates it (thus it no longer will promote cell suicide).

Which of the following scenarios are false? If they are false explain why they are false.

a. When Akt is activated, its major function is to phosphorylate other proteins

b. When there are signals for cell death, Akt will be phosphorylated:

c. When Akt is activated, it will inhibit Bcl2:

d. Akt is activated when it is phosphorylated.

Describe the mechanism in bacteria for repair of DNA containing mismatches, chemically modified bases, and double strand breaks.

Please CITE. Thank you.

PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER

Imagin you are a student who took microbiology in a semester. how you explain that

What did you learn from your microbiology experiences in this semester that will continue to influence you for many years to come? How did you learn these things?

Using specific examples for your statement Such as PPE, Gram stain, HMB, sensitive to penicillin, etc.

1. Describe how the unique reactions of GNG represent a pathway distinct from glycolysis based on the free change of the reaction catalyzed by the glycolysis enzyme, phosphofructokinase
2. Describe the functions of phosphoglucomutase and glucose 6-phosphatase enzymes in the pathway connecting glycogen breakdown to glucose export in liver cells.

3. Gluconeogenesis (GNG)

   Review coupled reactions (McKee page 120-121). It is useful and customary to express the number of GTP, UTP, or other nucleotides consumed or produced in a pathway as equivalent to ATP. A cellular reaction that exchanges the terminal phosphate between ADP and another nucleoside diphosphate is catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (McKee page 347) One of the reactions of GNG consumes GTP. The task is to find the overall reaction that gives the equivalent change in ATP.

PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER

Imagin you are a student who took microbiology in a semester. how you explain that What did you learn from your microbiology experiences in this semester that will continue to influence you for many years to come? How did you learn these things?

Using specific examples for your statement Such as PPE, Gram stain, HMB, sensitive to penicillin, etc.