Compare and Contrast SARS-CoV-2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type I, HIV and Influenza B. Specifically, briefly (may just be a few words) describe the following for each:

Why in recent years has there been an increase in cases of Powassan transmission? What changes in the virus or vector have occurred? What are the symptoms of infection?

A single plant cell is placed in an open beaker containing deionised water. Very slowly, solutes are added to the water, which is gently stirred. The cell is observed through a microscope. Eventually, the plasma membrane begins to pull away from the cell wall. a) Briefly explain why this occurred. [2 marks] The moment before the plasma membrane began to pull away from the cell wall, the osmotic potential in the bathing solution was –2.00 MPa. The bathing solution was later replaced with deionised water and the cell was given time to reach equilibrium. The plasma membrane was once again pushing against the cell wall. b) What is the pressure potential inside the cell now? Explain your answer.

QUESTION 1

1. Match each of the following with the best answer choice:

   organized packets of light having both a wave and particle nature part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum which fuels photosynthesis major photosynthetic pigment which absorbs violet, red, and orange light source of carbon used to build sugars in photosynthesis part of photosystem where photon energy is converted into chemical potential energy part of photosystem where pigments funnel photon energy towards special chorophyll a molecules contains chlorophyll a called P680    contains chlorophyll a called P700 enzyme which fixes carbon during the Calvin Cycle by attaching CO2 to RuBP pathway triggered by high O2 conditions, where O2 rather than CO2 binds with the carbon fixing enzyme during the Calvin cycle - resulting in the use of ATP and NADPH without the production of glucose

   A. photosystem I B. light harvesting complex C. CO2 D. photorespiration E. photons F. visible light G. photosystem II H. reaction center complex I. chlorophyll a J. rubisco

QUESTION 2

1. Match each of the following to the appropriate stage of photosynthesis:

   -       A.       B.    occurs in thylakoid of chloroplasts       -       A.       B.    occurs in stroma of chloroplasts       -       A.       B.    produces ATP       -       A.       B.    requires photosystems       -       A.       B.    requires photosynthetic pigments       -       A.       B.    builds sugar       -       A.       B.    requires rubisco       -       A.       B.    requires ETC       -       A.       B.    generates NADPH       -       A.       B.    requires RuBP       -       A.       B.    requires CO2       -       A.       B.    releases O2       -       A.       B.    breaks down H2O

   A. Calvin cycle B. light reactions

QUESTION 3

1. Choose all of the true statements below. Hint: 5 statements are true.

   		In photosynthesis, H2O is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
   		The three major stages of the calvin cycle include: carbon fixation, reducation, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor.
   		When an electron absorbs a photon, it goes from a ground state to an excited state.
   		Excited electrons move to higher energy orbitals and release energy as they fall back to their ground state.
   		Red wavelengths have longer wavelengths and thus lower energy.
   		Chlorophyll absorbs green light giving plants their green appearance.
   		The Calvin Cycle must turn 2 times to build up one molecule of glucose.
   		ATP is built by ATP synthase through photophosphorylation during the light reactions.

QUESTION 4

1. Choose all of the statements which describe the structure and function of the chloroplast. Hint: 2 statements are correct.

   		the chloroplast contains a fluid filled space called the stroma in which the Calvin cycle occurs facilitating photosynthesis
   		the chloroplast has photosynthetic pigments embedded in its outer membrane facilitating photosynthesis
   		the chloroplast contains thylakoids which are membranous discs in which photosystems are embedded facilitating photosynthesis
   		the chloroplast is double membrane bound allowing H+ to accumulate in the space between the inner and outer membrane of the chloroplast fueling ATP synthase

QUESTION 6 A cell containing only pure water is placed into a solution containing 1M sucrose. The cell's membrane is impermeable to water, sucrose, sodium ions and chloride ions. How could you make the cell isosmotic to the outside solution? Choose all of the correct answers.

A) Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 1M NaCl.

B) Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 0.5M NaCl.

C) Increase the number of sodium channels on the cell membrane.

D) Increase the active transport of water out of the cell.

E) Add sucrose to the cell until it contains 1M sucrose.

Explain how a small mutation in a virus can have large implications for transmission using Chikungunya as an example. How did the E1-226A to E1-226V mutation influence the ability of the virus to infect mosquito vectors? How did this influence transmission?

The following sequences show the wildtype and mutant alleles of part of a gene. What is the name of this type of mutation?

Wildtype DNA:       5’           AAC – AGC – CTG – CGT – ACG – GCT – CTC 3’

Wildtype protein: Asn – Ser – Leu – Arg – Thr – Ala – Leu

Mutant DNA:          5’ AAC – AGC – CTG – CTT – ACG – GCT – CTC 3’

Mutant protein: Asn – Ser – Leu – Leu – Thr – Ala – Leu

Select one:

a. Frameshift mutation

b. Silent mutation

c. Missense mutation

d. Antisense mutation

What effect will a nonsense mutation in a coding triplet have on the encoded protein?

Select one:

a. Replacement of the affected amino acid with a different amino acid

b. No change to the amino sequence

c. Loss of the affected amino acid but retention of all remaining amino acids downstream of mutation

d. Loss of the affected amino acid and all other amino acids downstream of the mutation site

Once a polypeptide is produced by translation, which cellular organelle is it transported into for correct folding?

Select one:

a. The nucleus

b. The ribosome

c. The endoplasmic reticulum

d. The Golgi

Which two techniques can be used to generate many identical copies of one specific DNA sequence?

Select one:

a. i) Digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes; and ii) ligation with DNA ligase

b. i) Polymerase chain reaction; and ii) Transformation of bacteria with a recombinant DNA plasmid

c. i) Digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes; and ii) Transformation of bacteria with a recombinant DNA plasmid

d. i) Polymerase chain reaction; and ii) digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes

Why is antigenic variation important for the establishment of trypanosomiasis in its host? How is this mediated?

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Select one:

a. The first meiotic division results in the segregation of sister chromatids into daughter cells.

b. Polar bodies are only observed in male meiotic divisions.

c. The second meiotic division results in a reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid.

d. In females, the cytoplasm is divided unequally amongst the four daughter cells after meiosis II.

If the cyclins that control the transition between S & G2 phase have been inactivated. Which of the following scenarios would be the MOST LIKELY result?

Select one:

a. Cells would enter M phase where errors in DNA replication will be corrected.

b. Cells would progress through the rest of the cell cycle without any problems.

c. Cells would enter M phase containing errors following DNA replication that will not be corrected.

d. Cells would not enter M phase at all and would be pushed into G0 phase.

Two genes are required for the determination of hair colour in guinea pigs:
i. One for the production of the coloured pigment (where P encodes black pigment which is dominant over p for grey pigment)
ii. Another gene is required for the fixation of the pigment to the strand of hair (where F is dominant and fixes the hair pigment, while f is recessive and does not fix the hair pigment).

Therefore, the F gene is epistatic to the P gene. In an individual who is albino (i.e. has no hair colour at all), which of the following genotypes is MOST LIKELY?

Select one:

a. ppFf

b. PPFF

c. PpFf

d. Ppff

A mating between two parents, both with blood type AB, will result in progeny with which of the following blood types?

Select one:

a. 50% A; 25% B; 25% AB

b. 25% A; 25% B; 50% AB

c. 100% AB

d. 25% A; 50% B; 25% AB

• Be able to define the following terms: axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, sarcoplasmic reticulum, acetylcholine, motor unit, locomotion, peristalsis

• Know the structure and components of muscle fibers (myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, myosin)

• From Figure 39.4 – Know how myosin and actin interact to produce muscle contractions, including how and where myosin heads attach to actin

Several arboviruses are on the doorstep of the United States including Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. How does the presence or absence of aegypti and Ae. albopictus serve as an indicator for areas of potential transmission? For a state like Iowa that may have mosquitoes that can transmit these diseases, what other environmental components may influence disease transmission? How would this differ from a state like Florida?

In the US there are ~300,000 cases of Chagas Disease, as well as several triatomine vectors capable of cruzi transmission. What aspect of kissing bug behavior in species found in the US is one of the major reasons for the absence of Chagas transmission? Name at least two other reasons that lead to an absence of Chagas transmission in the US. Why do kissing bug bites still result in hospitalizations in the US?

• Know how difference between active and passive immunity

• Know what an autoimmune disease is, and examples of autoimmune diseases

• Know how HIV attacks adaptive immunity, and the type of T cell it attacks

Chagas disease transmission can occur in many cases without being directly bitten by a kissing bug. How does inadvertent contact, cultural practices, and the transmission of parasites in the blood can cause Chagas disease? Which of these non-vector forms of transmission were directly targeted in control and prevention campaigns by INCOSUR and what measures did they take?

1. Which would have the highest melting temperature?

A. TTAACCGGGCTA

B. CATAACAAATCA

C. CGCAATAATACA

D. CGTAATAATACA

D. CGCAACCATCCG

2. Select the ones that can be applied to PCR, there can be more than one right answer.

A. PCR can be used to obtain large quantities of a particular sequence of DNA

B. It can use short synthetic oligonucleotide primers

C. Fe2+ ions are needed for the DNA polymerase.

D. DNA polymerase can be used to synthesize DNA

E. Primers can be used and they are complementary to each other