Questions

1. Which of the following is true for the omega angle in the protein backbone?

a. it equals 180 degrees.

b. the orientation of the bonds around the peptide bonds is Cis.

c. it may have any value between 0 to 180.

d. the most common values of omega angel are 60 to 120.

2. Which of the following can not apply to heat shock protein?

a. They are proteins found only in eukaryotes.

b. They form complexes with unfolded cellular protein which cannot fold spontaneously, to help them fold properly.

c. the protein to be folded is held with a chamber of the chaperonin protein complex.

d. If a protein released from chaperonin has not been folded properly, the heat shock proteins can bind the unfolded to make another folding.

Part 1: Primates vs. Non-Primates

Use material you find online or find images and descriptions of two non-primate mammals (e.g., dogs, horses, dolphins, raccoons, etc.). (Note: copy and paste small images of the non-primate mammals you choose. Please be creative and don’t just use the examples I listed here!).

1. What traits do these animals share in common with primates?

2. What important primate traits do they lack?

Class Merostomata and Class Arachnida inhabit very different environments, identify the main challenges faced by each organism in these different environments and identify three ways each has adapted for its habitat.

Describe the process of electron transport provided by NADH and FADH2 through the electron transport chain

How is eukaryotic cell division different from prokaryotic? ( I know prokaryotic is simpler, but i need a little more explanation)

I have a research about the "Nano-wafers", and i need to write an outline and some points that i can address in my paper

You are a researcher working in a molecular laboratory. One day, you need to run a batch of PCRs. You assembled the reagents including Taq polymerase, made the reaction mixtures, and ran them in a thermocycler.

After the PCR program ran to completion, you performed a gel electrophoresis to check the quality of the PCR product. To your dismay, all reactions appeared to have failed! Nothing showed up on the gel.

You reviewed the thermocycler’s log, which displayed the following information about your recent PCR cycles:

Denaturation: 91°C for 1 minute

Annealing: 50 °C for 40 seconds

Elongation: 65 °C for 3 minutes

Can this temperature profile explain the PCR failure? Explain in your own words (4 points)

State the molecular function of the proteins encoded by each of the following genes. Briefly state how disruption of this gene results in the recessive phenotype.

• R gene in peas
• Y gene in peas
• Cystic Fibrosis

*Which of the following statements is true?

a. peptidoglycan is comprised of cross-linked fatty acids

b. the cell walls of most bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan

c. Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan

d. peptidoglycan is found mainly in the cell walls of fungi, algae and plants

e. answers (a) and (b) are both correct

* The cell membrane of bacteria

a. is semi-permeable.

b. is usually a lipid bilayer

c. prevents cell lysis due to high intracellular osmotic pressure

d. answers (a) and (b) are correct e. answers (a) and (c) are correct

* A bacterial species has a generation time of 15 minutes and is growing exponentially. If there are 2 cells initially how many cells are there after 90 minutes?

a. 256 b. 128 c. 64 d. 32 e. none of the above

*Most bacterial cells reproduce by

a. the budding of daughter cells from a mother cell

b. forming spores that later germinate

c. binary fission

d. production of gametes and sexual reproduction

Discuss how bacteriophages cause mutations

(in a long paragraph essay )

* Which of these are routinely used to obtain a pure culture of bacteria?

a. swan necked flasks b. agar streak plates c. dilution plates d. microscopes

* The cells of all species of Bacteria and Archaea are very small, and:

a. must be stained before they can be seen using light microscopy

b. can only be seen using electron microscopy

c. can only be seen if they are first Gram stained

d. none of the above

* Prokaryotes evolved early on in the history of the Earth:

a. so their physiology has little in common with Eukaryotes

b. so many aspects of their physiology also occur in Eukaryotes, which evolved much later in in the history of the Earth

c. and Eukaryotes evolved independently at a much later time in the history of the Earth

d. at about the same time that Eukaryotes first appeared on Earth

an 18-year-old male high school student who had a 4-year history of diabetes mellitus was brought ... Question: An 18-year-old male high school student who had a 4-year history of diabetes mellitus was brought... An 18-year-old male high school student who had a 4-year history of diabetes mellitus was brought to the emergency department because of excessive drowsiness, vomiting, and diarrhea. His diabetes had been well controlled with 40 units of NPH insulin daily until several days ago when he developed excessive thirst and polyuria. For the past 3 days, he has also had headaches, myalgia, and a low-grade fever. Diarrhea and vomiting began 1 day ago. URINALYSIS RESULTS and CHEMISTRY TEST RESULTS

Specific gravity 1.012 Sodium 126 mmol/L

pH 5.0 Potassium 6.1 mmol/L

Glucose 4+ Chloride 87 mmol/L

Ketone Large Bicarbonate 6 mmol/L

Plasma glucose 600 mg/dL

BUN 48 mg/dL

Creatinine 2.0 mg/dL

Serum ketones 4+

Questions 1. What is the probable diagnosis of this patient based on the data presented?

2. What laboratory test(s) should be performed to follow this patient and aid in adjusting insulin levels?

3. Why are the urine ketones positive?

4. What methods are used to quantitate urine ketones? Which ketone(s) do they detect?

Propose an experiment for localizing a protein (of your choice) to an alternative cellular compartment. Then, speculate what characteristics/symptoms this would create on a cellular, tissue/organ, and organismal level.