compare and contrast PIP2, PIP3 and IP3 and show/explain how to get each one in details

Identify, define and describe the phenomenon responsible for polarity.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

7. In a mutant eukaryotic cell, the proteins involved in the addition of the 5’ cap of mRNA have been inactivated. Explain if this would affect the following and why it does (or doesn’t). a) The export of the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol?

b) Assuming the mRNA is in the cytosol, would this affect its translation?

Define protein denaturation and list at least four specific mechanisms that can cause it.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

Compare and contrast myoglobin and hemoglobin, indicating at least four similarities and four differences.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

In the US, consanguineous relationships bear a significant stigma. This is because the children of consanguineous matings typically have a higher than normal level of autosomal recessive diseases, including some very rare disorders. Why would this be the case if the parents are both healthy individuals?

1.One of the concerns about genetic modification of agricultural plants is the possibility of cross-breeding between herbicide-resistant GMOs and weeds, creating “superweeds” that would be resistant to commonly used herbicides. EXPLAIN how PCR could be used to determine whether such cross-breeding had occurred.

Treatment Centers/Medical Research for Asthma (5 pts)

• Who/What/Where of areas/places that are doing research for this particular disease. What are some of the medical research facilities currently doing research on this disease AND/OR what are some treatment centers for the disease/disorder.

Research in cell biology and metabolism has progressed due to the discovery of molecules that artificially stimulate or inhibit glucagon/epinephrine and insulin signaling pathways. Let’s say you are working in a lab cataloging the effects of a library of small molecules on these pathways and have a “hit” on molecule 1stAVNGR. Preliminary data on molecule 1stAVNGR indicates that the cardiac isoform of PFK2/FBPase2 is doubly phosphorylated when this molecule is present at micromolar concentrations in cell cultures. Given this context answer the following questions.

a. Under these conditions what is the predicted degree of association between the regulatory subunits and the catalytic subunits of PKA?

b. Further investigation of molecule 1stAVNGR indicates elevated levels of cAMP within the cell despite the absence of epinephrine or glucagon. Hypothesize two possible explanations for this data.

c. When cell cultures are given both molecule 1stAVNGR and molecule RedSKLL (a G-protein inhibitor) cAMP levels remain high (again despite the absence of epinephrine or glucagon). Given this new information hypothesize a possible explanation for the data.

d. In consideration of the data presented in this problem what would be the expected effect of molecule 1stAVNGR on glycolytic flux in a culture of cardiac myocytes? Explain your reasoning?

e. Finally, if molecule 1stAVNGR were infused into a culture of hepatocytes what would be the expected effect on glycolytic flux in these cells? Explain your reasoning.

In a detailed paragraph, starting with normal and cancer intact cells as well as the preparation of the DNA microarray chip, explain in detail how the typical DNA microarray experiment will be performed in order to identify differentially expressed genes. What are the types of probes that can be used for this experiment, and how are they different? Explain how the data will be interpreted.

The forward mutation rate from allele Z^A to allele Z^B is 0.00001 and the reverse mutation rate is 0.0000001.

Which of the following may be true for a population in which the frequency of allele Z^B is 67%?

Select one:

(i) Mutation equilibrium between Z^A and Z^B has not been reached

(ii) The frequency of Z^A is higher than expected at mutation equilibrium

(iii) The frequency of Z^B is higher than expected at mutation equilibrium

Both (i) and (iii)

Both (i) and (ii)

Microorganisms called psychrophiles will grow only at low temperatures (at or near 0°C). This restriction on a microbes growth would most directly impact

a. inoculation

b incubation

c isolation

d inspection

e inspection

f information gathering

g identification