List and describe 3 glucose transporters that are involved in carbohydrate absorption in digestive tract.

1. Myocardial infarction

You attend an emergency call to the home of Robert, a 63 year old male with a documented history of compensated congestive heart failure (CHF), who you diagnose is currently suffering a myocardial infarction. You prepare to administer GTN to Robert in the form of a sublingual spray. GTN is a potent vasodilator that works by (Choose...increasing guanylate cyclase mediated degradation of cGMP, decreasing guanylate cyclase mediated production of cGMP, decreasing guanylate cyclase mediated degradation of cGMP, increasing guanylate cyclase mediated production of cGMP) in vascular endothelial smooth muscle. Prior to administering GTN, you ensure Robert has (Choose...an adequate systolic blood pressure, a palpable JVP, an adequate diastolic blood pressure, a shockable heart rhythm) and ask if he has taken any erectile dysfunction medication in the last 24hrs, to which Robert responds “the only medication he has taken in the last 24hrs is his regular Aspalgin”. On this basis you (Choose...administer double the dose of GTN to Robert, administer GTN and monitor Roberts haemodynamics, do not administer GTN to Robert, administer GTN and monitor Roberts respiratory rate) because (Choose...Aspalgin is a phosphdiesterase 5 inhibitor, Aspalgin will inhibit the metabolic activation of GTN, GTN will reduce Roberts blood pressure, GTN will reduce Roberts respiratory drive) , which may cause Robert to (Choose...retain CO2 leading to respiratory failure, experience a drug interaction resulting in therapeutic failure of GTN, become hemodynamically unstable and decompensate, experience a drug interaction resulting in uncontrolled hypotension) .

2. Calculation

Following a short stay in hospital, Robert is discharged with a number of new medications including an anti-platelet drug called prasugrel. It is common to use dual anti-platelet therapy for at least 6 months following a myocardial infarction in order to reduce the risk of a second myocardial infarction. For many years a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel has been used for this purpose. However, the use of a newer anti-platelet drug prasugrel in place of clopidogrel is now being considered.

Over 12 months, it is expected that prasugrel will cost $670 more per person treated than clopidogrel. It is estimated that if prasugrel is used a person will have 13.325 QALYs on average, whereas if clopidogrel is used a person will have 13.300 QALYs on average. QALYs are a measure of life expectancy that has been adjusted for quality of life.

What is the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of prasugrel? (i.e. cost per QALY)

3. Short Answer

Ipilimumab is a new targeted therapy for metastatic melanoma and is also being considered for addition to Robert's hospital's formulary. It has been estimated that the incremental cost-effectiveness of ipilimumab is $100,000 per QALY.

If there is only enough funding to add either prasugrel or ipilimumab to the formulary, which would you choose solely on the basis of cost-effectiveness? Explain your reasoning (maximum of 100 words).

. A male student that attends a 4 year College majoring in Arts and music felt sick for a day with diarrhea he took some medication and felt fine. 8 days later he had a second round of diarrhea this time it was much worse and lasted most of the day. Again with somewhat more medication he was fine. 5 days later he had a 3rd round of diarrhea that was much worse and included vomiting. He was bed ridden the next day his symptoms continued with fever. 1. What disease does he have? Name the causative agent. 2. How did he become infected with this microbe? Explain the pathogenesis of this disease. 3. What is the virulence factor and how would you treat this disease? 4. How would the immune system deal with this case and why? 5. Why Doctors could only treat the symptoms before and not the disease and why death may result from it?

Discussion 2B: Five Hour Energy

After studying energy in this chapter and its definition, investigate the contents of a bottle of 5 Hour Energy

Based on what you have learned, is there evidence to support this product as a viable source of energy?

Would you personally recommend it as an energy source? Explain.

Explain the difference between Microevolution and Macroevolution, and give examples of each. ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH PLEASE

Normal fertilization requires changes in the membrane organization of both sperm and oocyte and penetration of the oocyte by a single spermatozoon.

a. What physical, cellular and biochemical molecular processes are necessary for the succesful passage of a spem from the outermost portion of the cumulus oophorus to the oocyte membrane?

b. How does the human sperm nucleus move in the cytoplasm and why does it facilitate the juxtaposition of the material and paternal pronuclei?

c. why is the orientation of pronuclear DNA critical for embryogenesis to proceed and how does it promote pronuclear membrane breakdown (syngamy)

d. What specific defects in the above processes have been shown to result in fertilization or early developmental failure.

2) Consider a hairy pea plant that was grown from yellow seed (an F1 hybrid). This hybrid had one parent (P1) that was an inbred variety with no hairs and was grown from a green seed. P2 was also an inbred variety, but grown from a yellow seed and had hairy leaves.

After a backcross of the F1 hybrid to the P1 parent the following progeny are observed.

Yellow seed/Smooth               29

Yellow seed /Hairy                 82

Green seed /Smooth                9

Green seed /Hairy                   30

a) What is the null hypothesis for the ratio of progenies based on the backcross described above.

b) Using a Chi square statistical test, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Show your calculations.

c)Is there an easy explanation for your conclusion?

Applications of Evolution to Real Life

Cheetahs are currently listed on the endangered species list, and by some estimates, there are less than 100 animals left in the wild. Perhaps the greatest problem with preserving the cheetah species is that these animals are now almost genetically identical to one another (due to the bottleneck effect).

A) What are the problems associated with having such low genetic diversity?

B) Because of this problem, many biologists think that cheetahs are doomed to go extinct in the near future. Do you agree, why or why not?

C) If you think cheetahs can be saved, what conservation efforts will be necessary to save them?

D) Is there any way to increase genetic diversity in a local cheetah population? (For example, consider just the population of captive cheetahs in North American zoos.) How about in the global cheetah population?

Phylogenetics

What do phylogenetic trees tell us? What does the field of phylogenetics set out to learn?

Create a dichotomous key with these bacteria:

Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus megatarium, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgarius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Misconceptions in Evolution

Write a misconception and the correct evolutionary interpretation for the following statements:

    Example:

Statement: Over time, the average length of giraffe necks has increased.

Misconception: Short-necked giraffes stretched their necks by reaching for food that was high in trees. They passed this new acquired trait on to their offspring, which were born with long necks.

Correct interpretation: The ancestral giraffe population happened to have some short-necked giraffes and some slightly longer-necked giraffes. The giraffes with slightly longer necks could reach more food (or could win more fights, etc.) and had superior survival and reproduction. Over time, the long-necked giraffes became more common in the population. Repeated over many generations, this resulted in evolution of longer and longer necks.

A) After the Industrial Revolution, moths changed from being mostly light to being mostly dark.

B) The incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is on the rise, many bacteria have resistance mutations.

C) Heterozygotes which carry the gene for sickle-cell anemia (but aren't greatly affected by the disease) are resistant to malaria.

1.Carry out library search to find out if the bacteria and yeast form alcohol in the absence of oxygen or they possess a metabolic pathway that does not involve oxygen. Write down your findings

2. What would happen if the first enzyme in glycolysis is irreversible inhibited by a toxic substance?
PLEASE HELP ME ALL QUESTIONS

Compare and contrast the auxin and gibberellins signal chains for gene derepression.

Because electron transport is coupled to ADP phosphorylation, it is theoretically possible to drive electron backwards in the chain, against the potential gradient, at the expense of ATP. This mechanism has been observed in some organisms. Consider a bacterium at 25 C that can transfer electrons from succinate to NAD+ by means of the transport

Succinate + NAD+ = Fumerate + NADH + H+

If the intracellular concentration of phosphate is constant at 10 mM, calculate the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio that would be required to maintain the steady-state ratio of [NADH]/[succinate] = 0.010. Assume that the intracellular concentrations of fumerate and NAD+ are equal.

Explain how the logistic model of population growth has both positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

Normal fertilization requires changes in the membrane organization of both sperm and oocyte and penetration of the oocyte by a single spermatozoon.

a. What physical, cellular and biochemical molecular processes are necessary for the succesful passage of a spem from the outermost portion of the cumulus oophorus to the oocyte membrane?

b. How does the human sperm nucleus move in the cytoplasm and why does it facilitate the juxtaposition of the material and paternal pronuclei?