Will this sandwich ELISA be useful for someone who has recently been infected? Why or why not ?

Explain how sauces thicken during heating/cooling as it relates to the starch molecules.

Which processes contribute directly to genetic variaion?

? What is meant by ploidy? Diploid? Haploid?

? Know the phases of meiosis?

? Know the differences between meiosis and mitosis.

? What is the major difference between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis?

? What is the major difference between meiosis II & mitosis?

? What is crossing over? ? What is synapsis?

? What are chiasmata?

? What are autosomes?

? What are sex chromosomes? What are the sex chromosomes in human male? Human female?

? What are homologous chromosomes?

? What is genetic recombination?

? What is fertilization? What are gametes?

? What are histones? What is chromatin?

? How many autosomes do humans have? Have many pairs of autosomes? How many pairs of sex chromosomes? What is the total number of chromosomes that human have? ? What are the sites of crossing over called?

? What is a karyotype?

? What is Down syndrome?

? What is polyploidy?

? What is nondisjunction?

? What is trisomy and monosomy

Describe how sugars other than glucose, also starch and glycogen are catabolized.

Describe the coordinated regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

Describe how do innate and adaptive immune system detect and kill the mucosal intracellular bacteria. Please be specific about which cells or receptors.

Choose all of the following attributes that are necessary for any bacterial pathogen to attach to and colonize a host cell.

A. Compete for nutrients

B. Capsule production

C. Utilize spikes to attach to host cells

D. Ability to survive new host environment

E. Presence of fimbriae

What qualities make protons appealing for use in clinical radiation therapy? In what tumors/tumor sites do you think protons would be most useful?

20) A diseased cell has an intracellular calcium concentration of 1 mM. The extracellular solution has a normal amount of calcium. The mitochondria has its normal level of internal calcium. If many calcium channels were opened in a mitochondria were opened up, what would the voltage of the interior of the mitochondria likely be compared to the cytoplasm of the cell?

a) -90mV

b) -60mV

c) -30mV

d) 0mV

e) +30mV

22) A nerve cell with normal levels of intracellular calcium is treated with intracellular IP3, which opens calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum. What would the transmembrane voltage across the plasma membrane of the cell (that is, the voltage of the cytoplasm relative to the extracellular solution bathing the cell) if this occurs and calcium has no other effects on the cell?

a) -90 mV

b) -60 mV

c) -30 mV

d) 0mV

e) +30mV

30) A molecular biologist replaces all normal leak channels with a type of leak channel that is permeable to calcium. What would the resting voltage of this cell likely be?

a) -90mV

b) -60 mV

c) 0 mV

d) +60 mV

e) +90 mv

40) A molecular biologist eliminates all normal leak channels and blocks all other voltage-gated conductances in a cell. She then puts in two new channels, which are both normally open and not affected by voltage. One is permeable only to potassium and the other is open only to sodium. If there is 10 mM Na inside and 100 mM Na outside and 10 mM K outside and 100 mM K inside, what will the resting membrane voltage of the cell be?

a) 0mV

b) -60mV

c) +60mV

d) -120 mV

e) +120 mV

Describe photorespiration and its relationship to the C4 pathway.

Mrs Smith is receiving full strength Jevity 1.2 at 65 mL/hr s 24 hours in the hospital. She is going to go home on nocturnal feedings. Set up a feeding regimen that provides similar kcals, protein, and water over 14 hours as her hospital regimen. Provide free water equal to 1 ml per kcal of feeding.

*Is Mrs Smith meeting the RDI for vitamins & minerals??

Calculate the amount of calcium dissolved if the pH becomes 7.50. Is it better to have a high or low pH, if one is interested in not dissolving their teeth?

Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis

What triggers your body to take a breath? Explain what part of the brain stimulates breathing and what aspects of body chemistry are important in controlling the rate and depth of your breathing.

Describe the three main cellular components of the blood and explain what might cause abnormal numbers of each of these components.