In a model by Wright (1940), the genetic differentiation among local populations was enhanced by metapopulation structure. In contrast, work by Slatkin (1987) suggested that metapopulation

structure can reduce genetic differentiation among populations. How can we reconcile thse two views? Explain how both can be true depending on the characteristics of the metapopulation?

Compare the metabolic potential (ability to burn organic molecules rapidly) of an oyster with an open circulatory system, a fly with an open circulatory system + a tracheal system, and a racer (a type of snake) with a closed circulatory system. In the fly, which needs are met by the circulatory system, and which are met by the tracheal system?

1. Humans are vulnerable to choking because of a phylogenetic constraint: when the structures that would eventually evolve into lungs first evolved, evolution lacked the foresight to head off a future choking risk once lunge became the sole way of breathing. Can you think of another example of how phylogenetic constraint and evolution's lack of foresight have left the human body vulnerable to disease, injury, inefficiencies, or malfunction?

Include in the appropriate figure,

describe the etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Dm Type I) autoimmune disease.

Next, describe the infection with the etiology of Dm type I disease.

How fatty acids move in two dimensial fluid of cell? What allow and what limit their movement?

2. In humans, fingerprint ridge count follows a polygenic inheritance pattern. The minimum number of ridges is 80 in males and 70 in females. Each active allele will produce an additional 12 ridges in males and 9 ridges in females. Active alleles are represented by uppercase letters.

• What is the fingerprint ridge count in a male having the following genotype? o AABBccDd? __________ aabBccdd ____________

• What is the fingerprint ridge count in a female having the following genotype? o AABBCCDD?_________ aabbCcDD?____________

• What is the least number of active alleles a child born of the following couple could inherit? Father: AABBccDD Mother: aabbCCdd • What is the probability that a child would have a genotype with the least number of active alleles?

3. The gene for sickle cell anemia is recessive. Suppose a man and woman are both carriers.

• What is the probability that they will have a child with normal blood cells?

• What is the probability that they will have a child who has sickle cell anemia?

• What is the probability that they will have a child who is a carrier?

4. A woman with type A- blood marries a man with type B+ blood. Is it possible for this couple to have a child with:

• Type O blood?

• Type AB blood?

• Type A blood?

• Type B blood?

5. Hair texture in humans is presumed to follow an incomplete dominance inheritance pattern whereby genotype CC results in curly hair, cc results in straight hair, and Cc results in wavy hair. Suppose a man with straight hair has children with a woman who has wavy hair. What is the probability that a child born to this couple will have:

• Straight hair?

• Wavy hair?

• Curly hair?

6. The production of coat color in Labrador retrievers involves two sets of genes where one set is epistatic to the other. Suppose the gene for black (B) fur is dominant to brown (b) fur, and the production of coat pigment requires at least one copy of the dominant gene, E. Lack of coat pigment (ee) results in a yellow lab. A cross is made between two dogs with genotype, BbEe. Which color dog would be most rare?

*Need all questions answered*

compare and contrast PIP2, PIP3 and IP3 and show/explain how to get each one in details

Identify, define and describe the phenomenon responsible for polarity.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

7. In a mutant eukaryotic cell, the proteins involved in the addition of the 5’ cap of mRNA have been inactivated. Explain if this would affect the following and why it does (or doesn’t). a) The export of the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol?

b) Assuming the mRNA is in the cytosol, would this affect its translation?

Define protein denaturation and list at least four specific mechanisms that can cause it.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

Compare and contrast myoglobin and hemoglobin, indicating at least four similarities and four differences.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

In the US, consanguineous relationships bear a significant stigma. This is because the children of consanguineous matings typically have a higher than normal level of autosomal recessive diseases, including some very rare disorders. Why would this be the case if the parents are both healthy individuals?

1.One of the concerns about genetic modification of agricultural plants is the possibility of cross-breeding between herbicide-resistant GMOs and weeds, creating “superweeds” that would be resistant to commonly used herbicides. EXPLAIN how PCR could be used to determine whether such cross-breeding had occurred.