What is the free energy change in transporting an uncharged molecule across the membrane of a cell from 10^-5 M to 10^-2M? Is an input of free energy required for this transport?

Do transposons code for proteins?

explanation: Do all transposons code for proteins like our DNA does? Does it come from outside sources only? I know there are retrotransposons and like LINEs and SINEs and I assume they are from outside sources? or is transposon an umbrella term...?

*: I know only supposed to ask one question, I really am, I just need a better explanation of what a transposon/retrotransoson is in second year biology terms. Thank you for helping me understand better.

Discuss signaling molecules that regulate vascular development in the root

Mitochondrial DNA is highly conserved across organisms and is used to map phylogeny of organisms – why would this be important for organisms to have such high fidelity here? What kinds of mechanisms might there be in place to maintain this?

Haplorhine species : Bonnet Macaque       Strepsirrhine species: Berthe's Mouse Lemur

Traits: check the box for each trait that is true of your strepsirrhine species (left) and your haplorrhine species (right).

                                                  STREPSIRRHINE                  HAPLORRHINE

TRAITS

prehensile tail                                                                                                                       

rhinarium                                                                                                                                              

2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3. dental pattern                                                                  

tapetum lucidum                                                                                                          

catarrhine nose                                                                                                

dental comb                                                                                              

ischial callosities                                                                                             

female philopatry                                                                                             

nocturnal activity pattern                                                                               

sexually dimorphic or                                                                             

sexually dichromatic                                   

vertical clinging and leaping                                                                          

post-orbital plate                                                                                             

grooming (“toilet”) claw                                                                         

fused mandible                                                                                        

heterodontic dentition                                                                             

bilophodont molars                                                                                            

What are the two methods of determining population density?

A)List several advantages of having a body cavity as opposed to having the acoelomate condition found in the Platyhelminthes.  

B)How do rotifers react to light?

The following data are simulated for a 200 mg dose of a drug given p.o. and i.v. VD = 500L Rate of absorption (oral only) = 0.0096 min-1 (IV bolus was assumed 100% absorption immediately) Rate of elimination = ke = 0.0099 min-1 Therefore, elimination half-life (t1/2) = 0.693/ke = 70 min Calculate the AUC of both p.o. and i.v. doses. I suggest using the trapezoidal method for calculating AUC: sum of [{avg of two points}*{time between two points}]. Then calculate the bioavailable fraction (F).

1. Show all the different kinds of gametes which could be produced by the following individuals?

a) Ff b) Gg c) YyZz d) AaBbCc e) CC

*please draw out solution and write how to figure it out* :)

While perusing the scientific literature late one night, you come across a report that a protein called Thingamajig is thought to be involved in the development of antibiotic resistance, an emerging global health crisis. This putative involvement appears to involve an interaction with another protein, Whosiewhatsit. You would like to study Thingamajig, and its interaction with Whosiewhatsit, but neither protein has been cloned.

a) How would you set out to study these proteins and their interaction? Describe in general terms (a flowchart, for example), filling in the details once this framework is assembled. To get you started, how would you obtain the information necessary to express and purify these proteins, and how would you manipulate this information?

b) Assuming Thingamajig is positively charged and Whosiewhatsit is negatively charged, what purification approach might you use to purify each of them independently? What approach might you take to purify the complex of the two?

c) What approach would you take to identify the amino acid residues — in both Thingamajig and Whosiewhatsit — that underlie their interaction with one another?

Km is sometimes described as the dissociation constant of the ES complex. Is this description accurate, and if so when? Justify your answer with expressions of Km and KD under specific situations.

From Pestilence to PetThe overheard transmission was apparently a ruse and last ditch effort of these nefarious aliens. Due to the work completed by you and your research teams they have retreated and left behind their toxic vectors on the planet Earth. Despite their transgressions, these cute little monsters are sought after as pets. In an attempt to make them “safe” for plantlife, researchers have managed to identify all of the key enzymes associated with the production of the toxins. Describe at least two ways these enzymes can be dealt with using techniques or strategies that we have learned in this course. For each method, describe how it would eliminate the ability of these cute alien pets to produce these toxins.

Assignment:

1) Describe the principle of the yeast-two hybrid system

2) A positive result for the yeast two-hybrid analysis means:

A. two fusion proteins, one containing the Gal4p binding site domain and one containing the Gal4p activation domain, have interacted through their Gal4p domains resulting in transcription of the reporter gene.

B. two fusion proteins, one containing the Gal4p binding site domain and one containing the Gal4p activation domain, have bound together, which disrupts the ability of the reporter gene to make a blue colony.

C. two fusion proteins interact with each other and because the Gal4p binding site domain on one fusion protein binds to the reporter gene and the Gal4p activation domain of the other fusion protein interacts with RNA polymerase, the reporter gene is activated.

D. two fusion proteins interact with each other and because of the Gal4p binding site domain and the Gal4p activation domain contained in each fusion protein, the reporter genes are activated and the cells die, resulting in no colonies. E. the colonies growing are expressing the two fusion proteins and the two proteins have functioned independently.

3) What could the reporter gene encode and how would you detect reporter gene expression?

1.       Describe how a modification of the expression of a subunit of NMDA receptors (Doogie) can result in a major change in behavior, namely spatial learning.

2.       List types of changes (short and long-term) associated with synaptic plasticity.

eschewed EnzymesFurther study of these proteins reveals them to be highly advanced proteins capable of passing through membranes despite their size. Researchers in another lab have managed to create an enzyme that is capable of recognizing an amino acid sequence that is unique to each of these toxic compounds and present on all of them. This enzyme, the researchers named Ripley1, is able to attach a ubiquitin molecule to the toxic proteins. What will happen to these toxins in a cell if they are ubiquitinated?Early treatments of plants with Ripley1 has shown that it has exceptional difficulty localizing itself into the plant cells. What chemical characteristics of this Ripley1 protein are likely preventing it from entering the plant cells?It was observed that animal cells are able to uptake the enzyme Ripley1. What method of cellular eating is most likely being used by these cells to take up the Ripley1 proteins?