Question

1-Taxonomy & systematics reflect phylogeny.’ Please explain this statement

2-What is non-random mating? Why would it be an important thing for conservation biologists to keep track of in a population?

3-What are 5 lines of evidence in support of evolution? Define and give an example of each.

4-Define and give an example for each of the following types of natural selection: directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, balancing selection.  

5-What are respiratory pigments? In general, what makes them good at delivering gases from one place in the body to another?

6-Why is human blood red while the blood of some insects is blue?

7-Why is the oxygen-hemoglobin curve sigmoidal (s-shaped) rather than a straight line?

8-What parts of your body have chemoreceptors for detecting changes in breathing rate? What cues do those chemoreceptors pick up? Would the brain react first to an increase in pH or to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood?

9-How does an increase in CO₂ affect pH (hydrogen ion concentration) of the blood? How does an increase in anaerobic respiration affect pH in the blood?

Answer 1

1. Taxonomy is the science of classification of organism and systematic is is the study of biological diversity. Hence, both taxonomy and systematic is the study of evolutionary relationship between organisms. .

2. Non random mating is the mating where individual chooses it mating partner according to their phenotypical characteristics. For example, female peahen select it's partner according to the fleshiness of the tale feathers.

It is important thing for biologist because it helps them to understand homozygosity and heterozygosity differences.  

3. Five lines of evidence include

a. Fossil record: which is a collection of fossil that are usually deposited on the sedimentary rock. For example, fossil record of dynasours.

b. Comparative anatomy : it is the comparison of internal structure of different species in order to find the evolutionary relationship. For example, wings if bat and birds.

c. Biogeography : it is the study of geographical distance between species.  

d. Comparative embryology :it is the comparison of embryos of two differebt species to find out the evolutionary relationship. For example , embryo of frog and fish are compared.

e. Comparative molecular biology is the comparison of biological molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins. For example, DNA of human and chimpanzee are done in order to perform similarity between two organism.

5. Respiratory pigment is the medium through which gases are transported from one location of body to another. For example, hemoglobin. Respiratory pigment should able 4th o dissolve in blood.

6. Since, insect blood is not carrying hemoglobin, blood color is not red as human have.

7. Graph is sigmoidal because, the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen is dependent on various condition. It is not liners relationship.