Question

With regards to human cheek cells, how many copies of D1S80 do you theoretically add to a PCR tube and what precautions could be made to ensure only your own DNA was added to the PCR reaction?

How is creatinine produced in the body?

Why would urine creatinine levels be a good indicator of kidney function?

When assessing kidney function what other measurements are used?

Give TWO other examples where the concentration of a metabolite in urine is used diagnostically. In each case explain the context and the disease/disorder being diagnosed.

You need to prepare a standard curve at the same time as the unknown measurements. Why is this best practice?

What compounds may interfere with the measurement of creatinine in urine?

The normal range of creatinine concentration in human urine is 5-25 mM. What conditions would return an abnormal value?

Answer 1

1) There is no phenotypic trait known to be associated with the DISS0 locus, making it ideal for distinguishing humans solely on the basis of DNA sequences. Normally primer concentration in PCR mixture varries between 0.1 to 0.5 mM. in PCR reaction with D1s80 primer 0.2mM concentration would be optimal for amplifing genomic DNA from cheek cells. according to the reaserch article 'DIS80 PCR with the $25 thermal cycler' by David F. Betsch and Jeff Berard " the amount is suggested.

To make sure of DNA purity in PCR reaction, we genarally add different concentrations of MgCl2 to avoid non specific amplifications, and maintaing anneling temparature optimal is another important factor so that nonspecific amplifications could be avoided.

2) Creatinin is a chemical waste produced from creatin in our body through . Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine.

3) Nearly 2% of the body's creatine is converted to creatinine every day. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine. If kidney function is impaired causes higher creatinin in blood streem, due to poor clearance of creatinine by the kidneys. how much creatinin is cleared by the kidneys is messured in creatinin clearence test as a messure kidney functioning or glomerular filtration rate, or GFR.

4) There are some other test for mesuring kidney functionality they may be

i) The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test

ii) Urine analysis: analysis of urine for the presence of proteins and blood