Question

There are two "arms" of the immune system, Innate (non-specific) and Adpative (acquired).

What are the advantages of a cell-mediated immune response?

Recall the steps involved in phagocytosis. Now, speculate on the consequenses if an organism had the ability to evade phagocytosis. Be specific as to the effects on adaptive immune response.

Answer 1

part 1:

1. it helps in Delayed hypersensitivity
2. Immunity in infections caused by Obligate and facultative intracellular parasites.
3. In transplantation immunity
4. Extracellular Infections Are Effectively Addressed
5. Cell-Mediated Immunity Can Be Divided Into 2 Major Categories
6. Effectors lyse target
7. 2 groups of cells: CTLs (specific) and NK, M (non-specific)
8. Effectors which are CD4+ and mediate DTH
9. Pathogenesis of Autoimmune diseases

part 2:
Bacterial pathogens have devised diverse strategies to avoid phagocytic engulfment and killing. Bacteria can evade phagocytosis in a number of ways.
1. Pathogens may invade or remain restricted in regions remote to phagocytes.
2. Some pathogens are able to bypass an inflammatory response. Without inflammation, the host is incapable to focus the phagocytic defences.
3. Some bacteria or their products repress phagocyte chemotaxis.
4. Some pathogens can easily cover the surface of the bacterial cell with a component seen by the host phagocytes and this hides the antigenic surface of the bacterial cell. Phagocytes are now unable to recognize bacteria and the opsonization of bacteria by antibodies to enhance phagocytosis is depreciated.
5. some pathogenic bacteria carry certain surfaces substances that hinder with phagocytic engulfment.
6. Some bacteria survive inside of phagocytes( neutrophils or macrophages). Bacteria that can survive or multiply inside of phagocytes are considered intracellular parasites.