Question

Explain how

1- how the protons and neutrons in an atom can give rise to different elements and also to different isotopes of the same element.

2- how the electronegativity of sodium and chloride relate to their outer electron shells and contribute to the formation of the ionic bonds in salt.

3- explain how a condensation reaction extends a polymer and produces water.

4- describe how functional groups give molecules specific properties

Answer 1

1) Proton and neutrons in an atom can give rise to different elements and also to different isotopes of the same element. When number of protons are different, then they give rise to different elements. When the same element contain varying numbers of neutrons, they give rise to different isotopes.

2) Sodium has one electron in their outermost shells. They achieve a stable configuration and a filled outer shell by donating or losing an electron. Chlorine (Cl) has seven electrons in its outer shell. It is more energy efficient for chlorine to gain one electron than to lose seven. When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are combined, the sodium atoms each lose an electron. It form cations (Na⁺) and the chlorine atoms each gain an electron to form anions (Cl⁻). These ions are attracted to each other in a 1:1 ratio to form sodium chloride (NaCl).

Na + Cl → Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl.

3) Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed by a condensation reaction, where molecules join together and lose small molecules as byproducts such as water. It is a process by which two molecules join together and results in loss of small molecules as water. Dehydration synthesis involves the joining monomers with an -OH group and a freely ionized -H on either end. The bonds between the hydroxyl group, the hydrogen atom and their respective atoms break and form water from the hydroxyl and hydrogen and the polymer.

4) A specific grouping of elements, which is characteristic of a class of compounds. It determines some properties and reactions of class. It is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound, which is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of compound. The same functional group will behave in a similar fashion by undergoing similar reactions. They also play an essential part in organic compound nomenclature, combining the names of the functional groups with the names of the parent and provides a way to distinguish compounds. They play a significant role in the direction and control of organic reactions.