Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment modality for cancer patients. One’s hope is that the treatment will kill the cancer and not kill the patient! Why do we see so many side effects from chemo involving the skin, digestive system and bone marrow?

Select one:

a. Because those are the parts of the body most commonly affected by cancer, so the treatment is concentrated there

b. Because chemotherapy agents make patients more prone to sun damage and spicy or acidic foods

c. Because chemotherapy burns exposed tissues just like radiation

d. Because chemotherapy attacks rapidly dividing cells

Ribosomes can normally be found in all of the following eukaryotic cell locations except:

A. the outer nuclear membrane

B. the rough endoplasmic reticulum

C. the mitochondrion

D. the inner nuclear membrane

E. the chloroplast

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are two important kinds of cells encountered in our world. Do the following:

Explain how eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ.

Explain how the evolution of cells made cellular respiration possible, and

What environmental pressures necessitated cellular respiration?

Provide citations

What structure in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells allows most proteins to cross, from the cytoplasm into the nucleoplasm, without being unfolded and refolded by chaperones?

A. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B. the Golgi apparatus

C. the rough endoplasmic reticulum

D. the nucleoli

E. the nuclear pores

Which eukaryotic structure is normally the last one to make modifications to a polypeptide (like glycosylation of a protein), before it is secreted from the cell?

A. the trans face of the Golgi apparatus

B. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C. the cis face of the Golgi apparatus

D. the rough endoplasmic reticulum

E. the nuclear envelope

A thermosensor protein that has been identified was TlpA, a protein in Salmonella that was needed to induce virulence genes at high temperature. Why might a bacteria want to have virulence gene expression coupled to temperature?

Endospores. What are endospores?

When do bacteria make spores?

Briefly describe their structure and formation.

How do endospores differ from vegetative cells?

What is their relevance to humans?

Give examples of bacterial species that form endospores.

“Organization of Lipids in the Tear Film: A Molecular- Level View” Article.

Identify a specific type of dry eye syndrome. What do the researchers believe are the causes of the condition?

Identify the main objective and aim of the researchers who wrote this article.

What is a tear film? How is it useful to the eye and what are some common ailments associated with film instabilities?

In the article, simulations were performed at different lateral compressions to reflect varying surface pressure conditions expected during an eye blink. Describe the two different behaviors the authors observed when varying the lateral compression.

What evidence allowed the authors to predict glycerine-trioleate’s (TG) position at the surface of the lipid film?

What are micelles and how they are formed?

What do the authors suggest contribute to the stabilization of the tear film during eye blinks?

Describe the results obtained from Figure 7.

Please include the APA format citation of this Peer-Reviewed article below:

27. Which of the following statements is not true concerning protein folding? a. Proteins fold around a hydrophobic core b. The interior of proteins is held together exclusively by hydrophobic interactions c. The amino acid sequence of a protein is responsible for determining the shape of a protein d. The active conformation of a protein is it most thermodynamically favorable state e. none of the above

Discuss the general measures taken by the innate and adaptive immune cells in response to a virus.

What are type III hypersensitivities, and how are they induced; additionally, why are they the hardest to diagnose in a patient

What type of diagnostic method do you think would be most suited to determining if a bacterium causing a human infection was lysogenized by a bacteriophage that contains a virulence gene?

How DNA replication takes place?

How do you explain the link between this process and biopsychology?

In your opinion, what is the role of DNA replication in personality development?

How does epigenetics explain the role of the environment on human genetic development?

1. Renin is released from the

a. macula densa cells

b. juxtaglomerular cells

c. hepatic cells

d. none of the above

2. JG cells are located in which of the following locations?

a. DCT

b. efferent arterioles

c. afferent arterioles

d. proximal tubules

3. When blood pressure decreases

a. renin release is decreased

b. renin release is increased

c. ACE activity is decreased

d. none of the above

4. When angiotensin II increases, the radius of the efferent arteriole

a. decreases

b. increases

c. does not change

d. There is no relationship between the radius of the arteriole and angiotensin II levels

5. Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction

a. increases GFR

b. decreases GFR

c. decreases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

d. none of the above

6. Ang I has how many amino acids?

a. 10

b. 8

c. 14

d. 12

7. The lungs contain which of the following enzymes?

a. ACE Inhibitor

b. ACE

c. renin

d. none of the above

8. Angiotensin 2is a secondary secretagogue for the release of which of the following hormones?

a. thyroxine

b. aldosterone

c. ACTH

d. none of the above

9. Aldosterone

a. increases sodium reabsorption

b. decreases water reabsorption

c. decreases blood pressure

d. increases hematocrit

10. Which of the following hormone is lipid-soluble?

a. insulin

b. aldosterone

c. ACTH

d. PTH

QUESTION 14

1. In a cross between AaBb x AaBb, roughly 50% of the offspring show the recessive phenotype and 50% show the dominant phenotype.  This indicates that:

   		crossing over has occurred
   		dominance is incomplete
   		the two genes are on the same chromosome
   		homozygous recessive is lethal

   QUESTION 15

2. A man with hemophilia marries a woman who is normal and not a carrier.  Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked allele.  Which of the following is true?

   		None of the children will be carriers
   		All of the boys will have the disease
   		All of the girls will have the disease
   		All of the girls will be carriers

   QUESTION 16

3. An organism with 72 chromosomes in the G₁ phase of meiosis will have how many chromosomes per gamete?

   		18
   		36
   		9
   		72

   QUESTION 18

4. A farmer plants 1000 seeds of corn.  The offspring were 544 tall with yellow seeds, 188 tall with green seeds, 183 short with yellow seeds and 64 short with green seeds.  What were the genotypes of the parents?

   		Ttyy x TtYy
   		TTYY x ttyy
   		TtYy x TtYy
   		TtYy x ttyy