Question

Please answer all the questions, won’t take more than 10 mins

What are the characteristics of living things?

How do the isotopes of a single element differ from each other? Explain with an example.

What are the names and pH values of the strongest acid, and strongest base?

What are the names of Biological Macromolecules.

Give one example of following CARBOHYDRATES;

- Monosaccharide

- Disaccharide

- Polysaccharide

6. What are the subunits (building blocks) of proteins?

7. What are the types of FATTY ACIDS?

8. What is the most important property of phospholipids?

9. What are the names and functions of the organelles of an animal cells?

10. What are the types of transport through plasma membrane?

Answer 1

1. The characteristics of living things are:

a) Nutrition: Living things take use the nutrients ( carbohydrates, proteins, fats) from their environment growth or to obtain energy.

b) Respiration: Respiration is the release of energy from food substances in all living cells.

c) Movement: All living things move, including plants that can sway.

d) Excretion: All living things excrete waste products that can poison the cells.

e) Growth: Growth occurs in living things food to produce new cells. They also increase in size.

f) Reproduction: All living organisms reproduce to form new offspring.

g) Sensitivity: All living things sense and respond to stimuli such as light, temperature, water, gravity, and chemical substances.

2. Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in their number of neutrons. Hence, they have the same atomic number but different atomic mass number. Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, the isotopes of hydrogen, have the same atomic number of 1. However, they have 1, 2, and 3 neutrons respectively. The mass of tritium is more than deuterium, which is more than hydrogen.

3. Carborane superacid (CHB11Cl11) is the strongest acid, present today. It has a Hammett acidity function value of -18, which is equal to pH of -18. The strongest base is Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (C6H14LiN). It has a PKa of 35.7. Hence, its Ph is much higher than 14. The other strong base is hydroxide ion with a pH of 14.

4.   Biological macromolecules are compounds containing carbon. There are four biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids/fats, protein, and nucleic acid.

5. Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose

Disaccharide: Lactose that is made up of glucose and galactose

Polysaccharide: glycogen made up of glucose.

6. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids known. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds in proteins.

7. There are three types of fatty acids: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated.

Saturated fatty acids. In a saturated fatty acid, each carbon atom is bonded with two hydrogen atoms. Example is butter and coconut oil. These are solid at room temperature.
Monounsaturated fatty acids. In a monounsaturated fatty acid, a double bond forms between a pair of carbon atoms forms a double bond, with removal of hydrogen atom. Example is olive oil. Monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, but they solidify in the low temperature. Polyunsaturated fatty acids. A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more carbon pairs that have bonded together by double bonds. Examples of polyunsaturated fats include most vegetable oils, soybean oil. These are liquid both at room below room temperatures.

8. The most important property of phospholipid is its ability to form the fluid mosaic bilayer in cell membranes. The hydrophillic heads are point outward and the hydrophobic tails point inward in this phospholipid bilayer.

9. Different organelle in animal cells:

a. Nucleus: It carries DNA. It is involved in cell division, DNA replication, and growth of the cell.

b. Endoplasmic reticulum: It is involved in proteins synthesis.

C. Free ribosome: Free ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins.

d. Plasma membrane: Plasma membrane protects the inner organelles of the cell. It allows only certain molecules to enter the cell. It helps to maintain the osmotic balance.

e. Golgi: Golgi packages the proteins from ER into vesicles and transports it to the different part of the cell.

f. Vesicles: They transport biomolecules to different part of the cell. Lysosomes are involved in destruction of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules.

g. Mitochondria: Mitochondria is involved in ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.

h. Cytosol: Cytosol is composed of water and houses all organelles within it.

i. Cytoskeleton: it is composed of a network of filaments and tubules. It maintains the cell shape, provides strength, stabilize tissues, and anchor organelles within the cell. It has a role in cell signaling.

10. Types of transport across a cell membrane are:

a. Passive Transport: Passive transport is movement across a cell membrane that does not require energy. It is based on cell permeability. Passive transport can occur by simple diffusion, Osmosis and facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion is movement of molecules form high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Facilitated diffusion is movement of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

b. Active Transport: Active transport is movement across the cell membrane by the use of energy form ATP. It creates a gradient of ions across the cell membrane. A proton gradient is formed in the mitochondria that results in ATP synthesis. Active transport is movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration. Example is the sodium potassium ATPase pump, which transports three sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell