Question

(Question Two Why is it so important to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase - negative staphylococci?

Question Three What conditions predispose diabetics to fungal infections ?

Question Four Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenza pandemics. Marks)

Question Five Compare and contrast the pathology, diagnosis and treatment meningococcal meningitis and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.

Question Six How can you tell that acne involves infection?

Question Seven a) Why do patients who survive tetanus and botulism often have no morbid consequences? marks) b) How has modern medicine improved the survival rate for these two diseases?

Answer 1

Q 3) Condition predispose diabetes to fungal infection are --

i)Long term antibiotic therapy

ii) immunosuppresion

iii) AIDS

iv)neutropaenia

v) burns

vi)cardiosurgical operations,

vii)organ transplantation,

viii)renal dialysis,

ix)prematurity,

x)pregnancy and others.

Several factors are attributed to higher Candida sp. predisposition among DM patients depending on the local or systemic infection.

Among the recognized host conditions for candidal colonization and subsequent infection are-

--yeast adhesion to epithelial cell surfaces ,

-- higher salivary glucose levels ,

--reduced salivary flow ,

--microvascular degeneration, and

-- impaired candidacidal activity of neutrophils

.These conditions are particularly serious in the presence of glucose , secretion of several degradative enzymes , or even a generalized immunosuppression state of the patient .

Hence patients with low immune system are more prone to fungal infection and patient who are using antibiotics for long term ,cardiovascular disease ,renal diseases can cause fungal infection .