Question

1. BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE 6 (EXCLUDE TOXINS) BACTERIAL STRATEGIES FOR EVADING HOST IMMUNITY.

Answer 1

Prevention of opsonization: it is the processes in which the interaction between the microbe and the phagocytic cell is increased which make bacterial cells to readily phagocytosed by the phagocytic cell. After entry into the body, the bacterial cells colonize at various sites and the colonization of bacteria prevented by the opsonization. The epithelial cells produce the antibodies and other soluble factors which promote the opsonization their by prevent the bacterial colonization. The bacterial cells to prevent themselves from opsonization produces proteolytic enzymes that degrade the antibodies which intune make them evade host immune system.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by the epithelial cells recognize specific bacterial structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and initiate the immune defense mechanisms. Bacteria modify their pathogen-associated molecular patterns and evade host immune system. The effector T cells involved in the killing of intracellular pathogens which are activated by the cytokines. The bacterial cells prevent the production of cytokines thereby inhibits the activation of effector T cells. The bacteria alter the antigen processing and presentation mediated by the phagocytic cells and inhibit the adaptive immune response.