Question

Biological Anthropology: Ch. 3- Genetics: Reproducing Life & Producing Variation Ch. 4-Genes Their Evolution: Population Genetics

(Please TYpe)

Chapter 4

1. Microevolution, macroevolution

2. Reproductive isolation

3. Hardy-Weinberg Law

4. Four forces of evolution

5. Mutation types

6. Three patterns of natural selection

7. Admixture, founder’s effect

Chapter 5

1. Race: historical and modern concepts, issues with the concept, etc.

2. Blumenbach, Boas, Lewontin

3. Four levels of human adaptation

4. Terms related to adaptation (stress, homeostasis, plasticity, functional adaptation)

5. Physiological adaptation (acclimation, acclimatization)

6. Physiological adaptations to hot and cold climates and high altitudes

7. Developmental acclimatization and high altitudes

8. Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule

9. Skin color and UV radiation / latitude

10. Why skin color is dark or light

Answer 1

Chapter4

1. Microevolution- This type of evolution happens mostly in a single population but in same ancestral types. Macroevolution- major evolution leading to the formation of new organisms from existing organisms but with different ancestral types.

2. Reproductive isolation: This is an evolutionary mechanism adapted by members of a species to reduce gene flow by making different species members to produce offsprings or ensuring sterility of offsprings.

3. Hardy Weinberg law: The law states that in a population, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in absence of any evolutionary forces. This law was named after G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, who has evaluated mathematically.

4. Four forces of evolution: mutation (sudden heritable change in a gene), gene flow (exchange of material between populations), genetic drift (random change in allele frequency) and natural selection (some population have a greater chance of reproduction than others due to environmental effects) are the four forces of evolution.

5. Mutation types: Missense-change in one amino acid for another due to change in a single base pair. Nonsense-change in DNA base pair leading to premature signals to stop protein building. Insertion- the addition of a gene base pair leads to a protein that may not function properly. Deletion- deletion of a gene base pair alters the protein. Frameshift mutation- addition or deletion of a base pair alters the functionality of the protein.

6. Three patterns of natural selection: Stabilizing- leads to decrease in genetic variance unfavoring, Directional- shift to new phenotype in presence of environmental changes, and Diversifying Selection- average phenotype are less fit.

7. Admixture: is the interbreeding of isolated populations due to the break of a natural barrier. Founder effect: is the loss of genetic variation that occurs due to the establishment of the population by a small number of individuals that may be different phenotypically and genetically from the derived population.