Question

Biological Anthropology: Ch. 2- Evolution: Constructing a fundamental scientific theory

(Please TYPE answers)

1. General belief system in Middle Ages

2. Great chain of being, fixity of species, grand design

3. Main figures preceding Darwin and their contribution (Ray, Hooke, Linnaeus, Hutton, Cuvier, Malthus, Lamarck, Lyell, Wallace)

4. Evolution vs. natural selection

5. Main aspects of Darwin’s theory of natural selection

6. What Darwin couldn’t explain

7. The level that natural selection and evolution each work on

8. Blending inheritance

9. Mendel and his experiments

10. Terms related to Mendelian inheritance (allele, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous)

11. Evolutionary synthesis

12. Who contributed to determining DNA’s structure (Watson, Crick, Franklin)

Answer 1

Answer 2:-

The Great Chain of Being .The ranked order or living things with man at the top

Fixity of Species:- The idea that species are immutable, as opposed to the idea of biological evolution

Answer 3:- John Ray :-Defined the concept of species and genus based on shared features.Still believed in the fixity of species and Grand Design

Robert Hook :- Saw fossils as remains of extinct creatures.Suggested that a change in earth's creatures implies a Change in earth.

Carolus Linneaus :-Classified plants and animals

Standardized the use of binomial nomenclature
Added class & order to the traditional taxonomy
Added humans to taxonomy .

George Cuvier:-Catastophism

The history of earth can be explained by a cycle of global catastrophies
Believed in the fixity of species
Proposed the concept of extinction

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck:- Theory of acquired characteristics

Implied that traits acquired in life could be passed to offspring
Believed in evolution to perfection
Coined the term "Biology"

James Hutton: Theidea that the same processes operate over a long period of time to shape the earth

Charles Lyell - Proposed a much longer time frame for the history of of the earth.

Answer 4:- Evolution:-   is a gradual change in the inherited traits of a population over many generations.

Natural selection:- is a mechanism where the members of a population best suited to their environment have the best chance of surviving to pass on their genes.

Answer 5:-

Trista are often inheritable:- In living organisms, many characteristics are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring.

More offspring can produced then can survive:- Organisms are capable of producing more offspring than their environments can support. Thus, there is competition for limited resources in each generation.

offspring vary in their inheritable traits :- offspring in any generation will be slightly different from one another in their traits (color, size, shape, etc.), and many of these features will be heritable.

Answer 6:-

Sometimes survival of the fittest would not be possible because variations selected by nature may be harmful to the life of organism.

Many times it is seen in nature that along with the misfits the fittest also become extinct in natural calamities. Besides, those which survive may not always remain fit. Thus, luck also seems to play an important role is survival.

The presence of vestigial organs in animals is not explained in the Darwin's Theory.

Darwin in the discussion of his theory has taken into account only the minute and fluctuating variations but has ignored the large visible and accidental variations i.e. mutations.

Variations, found in the organisms considered to be the fittest are doubtful as they arise due to the effect of the environment. Because of this heredity is a matter of discussion.

Answer 8:- inheritance of traits from two parents produces offspring with characteristics that are intermediate between those of the parents.

Answer:- 10:- Allele - is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.

Dominant:-A genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene.

Recessive:-  A recessive gene produces a particular characteristic only if a person has two of these.

Genotype:-  genotype is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait.

Phenotype :-The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait.

Homozygous:- homozygous describes a genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a given locus.

Heterozygous:-heterozygous describes a genotype consisting of two different alleles at a locus.

Answer 12:- Watson ana Crick