Question

Summarize the Metabolic Adaptations to exercise training for each of the following: (briefly describe the overall change and then the impact of that change)

-Fuel supply (CHO-FAT-PRO)

-Enzyme activity

-Oxygen utilization

-Lactate accumulation

-ATP Production/storage/turnover

Answer 1

-ENZYME ACTIVITY

• Moles of substrate converted per unit time= Rate*Reaction Volume. It can be measured as the the quantity of active enzyme present.
• Increase in the amount of enzyme, will increase the rate of reaction.
• pH, temperature,concentration of enzyme influence enzyme activity.
• At low temp., increase in the temp. increases the rate of reaction, At higher temp., protein is denatured,and rate of reaction dramatically decreases.
• An enzyme has an optimum pH range in which it exhibits maximum activity.

OXYGEN UTILIZATION

• It is the difference between the measured dissolve oxygen concentration and its equillibrium saturation concentration in water with same physical and chemical properties.
• Cells have a wide range of oxygen utilisation, depending on cell type, function and biological functions.

• Oxygen is the third most common element in the universe,behind hydrogen and helium

​LACTATE ACCUMULATION

• It is the intensity of exercise at which the blood concentration of lactate and lactic acid begins to increase exponentially.
• Lactate that doe not gets oxidized, diffuse from the exercising muscle into the capillaries and is transported via the blood to the liver . Lactate can then be converted to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen, which can then be converted into glucose.

ATP PRODUCTION

• ATP is generated from ADP and phosphate ions bya complex set of processes occuring in the cell.
• Three imp. coenzymes used are NAD, NADP and FAD.
• The chemical reactions performed by coenzymes by oxidation-reduction , removal of electrons or protons(oxidation) and addition of electrons to a molecule is reduction.
• ATP is stored in the mitochondria.