Question

1) What are all of the ways the African trypanosome can alter the host’s immune response in favor of itself?

2)

1. Matching

a) Glycosome

--> T. cruzi b) Mitochondri

Trypomastigote c) TCA present

d) Intercellular

-->T. cruzi e) Stage that divides                                                                      

Amastigote f) Intracellula

--> T. rhodesiense   g) VSG present

Long slender    h) Pathology stage

Trypomastigote i) Undulating membrane

j) Mott cells in brain                

Answer 1

ANS 1) African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disorder transmitted with the aid of the tsetse fly. it gets its nickname ‘dozing sickness’ because signs can include a disturbed sleep sample. trypanosomiasis refers to a group of sicknesses resulting from trypanosoma parasites.There are forms of trypanosomiasis that affect people, they're divided consistent with their geographical location:
African trypanosomiasis, or dozing illness, is due to trypanosoma brucei parasites in sub-saharan africa and is transmitted by way of the tsetse fly (glossina).
American trypanosomiasis, or chagas sickness, is because of trypanosoma cruzi parasites in latin the us and is transmitted by way of the triatomine or ‘kissing’ trojan horse.

Trypanosoma are transmitted from human to human via the chunk of the tsetse fly (glossina) which is most effective determined in rural components of africa. but, trypanosomes can also be transmitted from mother to toddler as the parasite can pass the placenta? within the blood and infect the baby even as it's miles nonetheless within the womb.infected needles also can contribute to the spread of trypanosomes, however that is rare.
communities most prone to trypanosomiasis stay in rural regions in which the tsetse fly is found. these groups often rely more often than not on agriculture, fishing and looking to live to tell the tale and feature restrained get entry to to health offerings and schooling. as a result, many cases of trypanosomiasis pass undiagnosed.

First stage or haemolymphatic. Qickly after the metacyclic trypomastigotes input the frame and multiply underneath the skin an inflammatory reaction happens. this causes swelling of the pores and skin and expansion of the lymph nodes within the neck. this immune reaction consequences in signs and symptoms such as fever, headaches, joint pains and itching. Second stage or neurological phase: this degree starts offevolved whilst the trypanosome parasites move from the blood-mind barrier into the spinal fluid, infecting the crucial nervous machine which includes the brain. once the mind is affected it results in adjustments in behaviour, confusion, negative coordination, difficulties with speech and disturbance of sleep (sleeping thru the day and insomnia at night), therefore the term ‘sleeping illness’.With out treatment, african trypanosomiasis is fatal.