How are environmental factors used to control microbal growth? Give some everyday examples.

QUESTION #1

What was the pre-genome sequencing estimate for the total number of genes in the human genome and how many genes were discovered once sequencing was complete? Why do you think there was such a discrepancy between these numbers?

QUESTION #2

Why is looking for regions of the genome that are very similar across organisms (conserved) such an important part of understanding genome evolution?

Can someone please explain membrane potential, diffusion potential, and equilibrium potential and any way they may be related? Also, what is each thing dependent on, and what are the units used to measure each?

What is the best immunological assay for each of the following situations? For each situation, name the assay, describe how it works, and why it is appropriate. Assume in both cases that any type of specific antibody needed for the assay you propose is available.

a. Determine the number of memory T cells and naïve T cells based on the level of CD45RA present on the surface of the T cells.

b. Determine the level of IgG specific to measles in the blood of a person who has not been immunized but may have been exposed.

What organisms that could invade during phagocytosis and how?

For a thermophile, how do their proteins, DNA and cell membrane differ from mesophiles or psychrophiles?

From the table below, use a simple linear regression analysis to establish the relationship that may exist between a) number of confirmed cases and deaths; b) number of confirmed cases and number of tests performed; c) number of confirmed cases and number of recoveries; and d) number of deaths and number of recoveries. Briefly discuss these relations.

Match each term to its correct definition or description. Each description might match more than one term.

Some environmentalists claim that the ways we raise and collect animals and fish for food are fundamentally unethical. They point to the suffering of animals within the factory farming industry, the pollution caused by untreated animal waste, the use of hormones and antibiotics, the decimation of fish populations, and the fact that current farming practices are ultimately unsustainable in terms of their environmental impact. Making the changes that these environmentalists claim are necessary, however, would likely be devastating to the agricultural and fishing industries, to the chemical and biochemical companies that support them, and to the way of life of millions of people. These changes might also result in increased food prices and in less food being available to the ever-increasing human population. How do you think we should balance the moral claims on this issue? Should the concerns of environmentalists and animal rights activists impinge on your desire to eat however you so choose? Does the protection of jobs and communities trump environmental concerns? Why or why not? Read and respond to two classmates' posts. Give source for your answer

1. A gene can have many alleles. Why is it that any given person only carries two copies of each allele? Pick one below

2. The X-linked recessive trait of color-blindness is present in 5% of males. If a mother who is a carrier and father who is unaffected plan to have 2 children, what is the probability the children will both be male and color-blind?
Please enter a percentage number with up to three decimals

No fossils of Homo neanderthalensis have been found in Africa, but many African populations have traces of Neanderthal DNA. If Neanderthals were never in Africa (which is a possibility, though fossils may yet be found), how can the presence of Neanderthal DNA be explained?

Answer whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE. If FALSE, rewrite the sentence to be TRUE. (15 pt)

A. Reproducible set of DNA fragments will be produced every time a restriction endonuclease digests a known piece of DNA.

B. Restriction nucleases recognize and cut specific sequences on single-stranded DNA.

C. The larger the genome of the organism from which a library is derived, the larger the fragments inserted into the vector will tend to be.

D. Ligation reactions by ligase occur most efficiently between DNA fragments that are cut by different restriction enzymes.

E. Northern blotting utilizes antibody probe to visualize RNAs separated by gel electrophoresis.

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Begin your answer by describing how the action potential occurs. End your answer by describing binding of neurotransmitter to receptors.

1. For which reason might single nucleotide differences lead to varying phenotypes? For what reason might a single nucloetide not lead to differences in the expression of certain phenotypes?

2. What do you think is the best way to estimate species? Why? Should one source of data be used instead of another?

Please keep answers simple and understandable!! thanks