What is the ATP net output for aerobic respiration for the following steps:

Glycolysis

Kreb Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

State how many of the following will be produced during glycolysis with two glucose molecules:

Pyruvate

ATP    

NADH

What evolutionary steps the capsid went through and why? Why a viral capsid does not protect a virus from dehydration and why viruses cannot produce their own energy?

3. Where can RNases be found? How can you prevent RNase contamination in your samples during experiments involving RNA?

You visit a small island, which just two days earlier experienced a volcanic explosion. Nothing appears to be alive on the island, but you collect soil samples and place them on culture media in the laboratory, Within 24 hours you find actively growing bacterial colonies on several of you plates. The bacteria that you find are most likely to

A. have sex pili

B. have a glycocalyx

C. have endospores

D. have capsules

What are prions, viroids and viroins? How do virusoids differ from satellite viruses?

Mycoplasmas are classified as Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria in the textbook. However their staining phenotype indicates they are gram negative. What is the basis for classification as gram positive bacteria?

How do bacteria resist destruction by phagocytic cells?

Swannamotosis is a variant of Neurofibromatosis-type 2. It is an autosomal dominant condition that shows both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Sixty percent of individuals with at least one mutant allele will show the condition in the phenotype. Of those showing the phenotype, 20% have a severe version, 50% have a moderate version, and 30% have a mild version. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what is the chance that is will show the most severe form of the disorder? To calculate this we'll have to multiply _______ X ________ X ________ X _______. If a child of two heterozygous parents, does not have the condition, what is their chance that they do NOT have the allele? ________

Blank 1 Options: 1/2, 1/4, 2/3, 3/4, 1

Blank 2 Options: 0.4, 0.6, I dont need either of these values

Blank 3 Options: 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, I dont need any of these values

Blank 4 Options: 1/4, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, I dont need any of these values

Blank 5 Options: 1/4 x 0.4 x 0.2, 2/3 x 0.4, 1/4 x 0.4(3.4), (1/4)/(0.4 x (3/4)), (1/4)/((1/4) + 0.4(3.4))

5. Yeast engage in alcoholic fermentation in order to a. provide brewers with a steady source of income b. produce NADH from NAD+ to allow glycolysis to operate anaerobically c. produce acetyl Co A for entry into the TCA cycle when oxygen is absent d. produce ATP from pyruvate e. none of the above

What are the 10 Local Health Department (LHD) standards?

The relationship between CO₂ gas produced to sugar consumed is shown below.

m = n / 2s

where m is the number of moles of sugar consumed, n is the number of moles of CO₂ produced, and s is the number of simple sugars in that sugar.

This means that for:

a monosaccharide, 2 CO₂ molecules are produced per molecule of sugar

a disaccharide, 4 CO₂ molecules are produced per molecule of sugar

a trisaccharide, 6 CO₂ molecules are produced per molecule of sugar

Calculating the Rate of Respiration

First, use the Ideal Gas Law to convert the volume of gas to molecules. This is measured in moles, not the number of individual molecules. The Ideal Gas Law relates the moles of CO₂ gas molecules to its volume as shown in the equation below.

PV = nRT

where P is the atmospheric pressure in the lab, V is the volume in liters, n is the number of moles of CO₂, R is the gas constant 0.082 L-atm/mole-Kelvin, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Next, convert the moles of CO₂ molecules produced to the moles of sugar consumed using the equation shown below.

m = n / 2s

Finally, combine several calculations to convert the results to milligrams of sugar fermented per minute:

convert from moles to grams

convert from grams to milligrams

divide by the length of respiration

The formula is below.

f = 1000mw / t

where f is the mg of sugar fermented per minute, m is the number of moles of sugar consumed, w is the molecular weight of the sugar in g/mole, and t is the respiration time in minutes.

For example, if 1 L of CO₂ is collected when yeast is incubated with maltose for 5 minutes and the final temperature of the flask is 294.5 K, the milligrams of sugar fermented per minute are calculated as follows:

moles of CO₂ = (1 atm × 1 L CO₂) ÷ (0.082 L-atm/mole-Kelvin × 294.5 K)
moles of CO₂ = 0.041 moles

moles of maltose consumed = 0.04141 moles of CO₂produced ÷ (2 × 2 simple sugars in maltose)
moles of maltose consumed = 0.01035 moles

mg of maltose per minute = (0.01035 moles maltose) × (MW of maltose) × (1000 mg/g) ÷ (5 minutes)  
mg of maltose per minute = 708.6 mg/min

For each of the sugars fermented by yeast, fill in the chart below to determine the volume of CO2 production.

Results Table(my answers)

For each of the sugars fermented by yeast, fill in the chart below to determine the mg of sugar consumed per minute during fermentation.

Calculations Table

My answers

Glucose temp 299.0k after 1 minute and 4.3ml in syringe

fructose temp 296.0k after 1 minute 1.3ml of gas in the syringe

maltose temp 300.0k after 1 minute 5.1 ml

maltotriose temp 295.6k after 1 minute 1.0 ml

How will you, as a future health system leader, address the identified community and constituency challenges?

Describe the process of developing a strategic plan and its core key element for a public health organization.

1. For each of the following protists, list and describe the major structures. What type of locomotion do you think each protist employs?

A. Euglena

B. Paramecium

C. Giardia

D. Amoeba

E. slime mold

2. Compare the advantages a protist would gain by having a unicellular, filamentous, or colonial form. Explain the advantages of each of the three alternatives.