This is a confocal microscopy class. So please answer clear and detail according to the subject. Thank you

1.Explain how light diffraction causes the lateral point spread function of light as shown by Airy. Illustrate with a diagram of the PSF in the lateral direction.

2.What is the relative size of the point spread function in the vertical compared to lateral direction and how does this affect the shape of the voxels we record in a optimal resolution z-stack.

3.Is the point spread function wider or narrower with large aperture lenses? Explain why.

4.Does a larger aperture lens have higher resolution (more detail) or lower resolution (poor detail)? Or is aperture size unrelated to resolution?

5.Definedynamicrange.Explaintheimportanceofadjustingthedynamicrangeof the light intensity sensors (PMTs) and how the confocal encodes intensity into numbers.

6.Explain the advantage and disadvantage of frame-averaging.

6b.Explain how to optimize the resolution of your scanned image to avoid oversampling and minimize file size.

7.Make a list of the most functionally-important parts inside of the scan head box and briefly explain what each part does. Hint1: there are 5 kinds of things, and the AOTFs & lasers are not in the scan head box. Hint2: Without these 5 things, it would not be a laser scanning confocal microscope.

8.Explain why immersion oil is used for some lenses. Explain how it works.

9.Explain the relationship between the point-spread function and super-resolution.

10. What is chromatic aberration?

11. How does one detect cross-talk and bleed-through? How can you avoid it, and how can you correct for it if you could not avoid it?

12. Describe the three main ways to manage autofluorescence.

Which biome would be most impacted by agriculture? Which biome(s) would have fire adapted species?

What is the term for an animal that keeps a constant internal temperature? What are five things (anatomical, behavioral, or physiological) that animals have (or do) that allow them to A) keep cool when it is hot and B) keep warm when it is cold? (think about the factors that influence heat gain and heat loss)

What are the major human impacts in terrestrial and aquatic habitats? List four (or more) for each.

Based on what you know about the organic and inorganic characteristics of the biomes, list five “challenges” that organisms face who live in A) the tropical rainforest B) arctic tundra C) temperate forest D) desert

What is metabolic water? What are for ways (anatomical, physiological or behavioral) animals in dry environments conserve water?

What are for ways (anatomical or physiological) plants in dry environments conserve water?

Why is a retrovirus like HIV almost invariably capable of evading the host's immune system when many other pathogens are not?

Shown following is the first 30 amino acid (one-letter code) region of this putative amino acid sequence for p18:

¹YFNPS     ^6TSDWPT    ¹¹LAPAN    ¹⁶YTFLF    ²¹FLARY    ²⁶WYINL³⁰

A) Based on the partial amino acid sequence provided, do you think that it is more likely that this region of p18 associates with a cellular membrane or is exposed to the cytosol?

B) Why or why not?  

C) Describe how you would experimentally demonstrate if p18 was associated with the membrane or the cytosol.

Describe a way a drug might affect synaptic transmission.

Describe the role of vesicles in the transport process between the nucleus, endoplasmic reticula, and the golgi apparatus.

Foodborne epidemiologists at the local health department investigated an outbreak of food poisoning at a Cinco de Mayo potluck dinner. Initially the epidemiologists determined that nachos were the cause of the outbreak. However, upon closer review lettuce was determined to be the true cause of the outbreak.

6a. In this example, would you expect lettuce to act as a positive or negative confounder on the relationship between nachos and food poisoning? Explain your answer.

6b. Assume that you want to analyze the association between nachos and food poisoning. Provide a method to control for the confounder lettuce in the design of your study. Please be specific.