Flower color in buffalo clover is either white or some shade of pink to red. Pollen from a red individual was applied to white flowers in 1999. This seed was germinated in 2000 and four red plants were obtained in the progeny. These four red plants were allowed to self pollinate in summer 2000 to produce the next generation. Populations of progeny from each of the four plants were grown in the greenhouse in spring 2001 and the following data were obtained. Propose a hypothesis and calculate a Chi Square for each plant and the pooled data, and determine if these data fit your hypothesis.

Cross Plant    Red   White

6/2X10/4 #1   21   8

6/2X10/4 #2 53 18

6/2X10/4 #3   49 18

6/2X10/4 #4    60   21

Pooled            183 65

In corn the glossy trait (AA) gives glossy leaves and the ramosa trait (BB) determines branching of ears, a test cross produced the following results:

Normal leaved and normal branches                   395

Glossy leaved and ramosa branching 382

Normal leaved with ramosa branching 223

Glossy leaved with normal branching 247

Total of 1247 offspring.

Are the glossy and ramosa genes linked ? Test your hypothesis. If they are linked calculate distance between them.

Instructions The major assignment for this course will be a student paper researching the molecular biology of cancer and exploring ethical considerations related to molecular testing. Cancer is often caused by the malfunction of the fundamental biological processes that are the subject of this course. Your paper should include the following: • Introduction • Discussion of the following molecular causes of cancer: o Somatic mutations o Epigenetic mutations • Explanation of the principal processes altered in cancer (i.e. cell division & apoptosis) • Summarization of molecular techniques used to diagnose cancer including a description of 2 specific examples of target genes/mutations and the methodologies that can be used to detect the mutations/quantify the gene products • Discussion of ethical considerations in screening of patients for mutations associated with development of cancer – please note that there several angles to consider in this section of the paper and there are no right or wrong answers here. If you need help getting started with the ethics component of this paper, some questions to consider include: o Should all people be screened? Why or why not? o Should health insurance cover screening for cancer mutations in all people, in select populations, or not at all? Why or why not? o Should someone with a mutation linked with cancer development have to pay more for insurance premiums? Why or why not? • Conclusion/summary paragraph Final Notes The paper should be completely written in your own words. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate what you know and how well you are able to articulate your ideas, not recycle someone else’s thoughts! The paper should be 6-8 pages in length, include at least 3 properly cited outside references

Ramasakhi Devi from India is 55 years old and had a cancerous tumour removed from her cheek. Then, she was informed that in order to receive necessary follow-up chemotherapy and radiation treatment, she would need to sign up for a clinical trial. Although the consent forms were in English and Hindi, Devi was illiterate. Her son tried to help but even he misunderstood the forms, and told his mother there was only one available treatment option in the trial instead of three. Moreover, Devi never understood that she could drop out and thought she had to finish the treatment regimen to be fully cured.

Question: Is it ethical to conduct experiments on human in this situation? Explain with reference to the Nuremberg code.

Questions about the cell cycle

1. Does the cell cycle really have a beginning and an end? Explain your answer.

2. Why is the spindle apparatus more complex in animal cells than in plant cells?

(it has something to do with differences in the structure of the different cell types)

3. What name is given to the plane in the center of the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase?

4. Which stage of mitosis is most often associated with the beginning of cytokinesis?

5. Why does pinching in of the cytoplasm not work for cytokinesis in plant cells?

Explain Michaelis-Menten plots and demonstrate how to calculate Km, kcat, and catalytic efficiency.

What type of interactions are important and prevalent in biological systems? Non-covalent or Covalent? Please explain your choice. Can you provide examples of both these types of interactions in the context of protein structure that you learned.

Discuss the relationship between 5 methyl-cytosine and 5 hydroxymethyl-cytosine, mention enzymes responsible for their placement and how each modification affects gene expression.Define, compare and contrast heterochromatin and euchromatin and how they relate to gene expression

1. What does the field of epigenetics aim to study?

2. What would happen to a developing cell if its nucleus were switched for a nucleus of a differentiated cell?

3. Histone deacetylation enhances chromosome ______, thus the chromosomal segment cannot be ______. (options are Condensation; decondensation for the first part and translated or transcribed for the second part).

4. Explain the mechanism of DNA methylation, including what DNA residue is modified, by what enzymes, and the impact on gene expression and chromatin state. Draw it!​

what is the specialty of a compound microscope? what do you mean by parfocal ?

1.Water was used as a negative control. If you had observed the water change in color from clear to red after adding Benedict's solution and then heating to 100 ^oC, what could you conclude?

A.The water was contaminated with glucose.

B.The Benedict's solution was contaminated with glucose.

C.The Benedict's solution was contaminated with sucrose.

D.The water was contaminated with sucrose.

2. Glucose was used as a positive control . If you had NOT observed the glucose solution change in color to red after adding Benedict's solution and then heating to 100 ^oC, what could explain this result? Select ALL correct answers.

A.The concentration of glucose was too high.

B.The Benedict's solution was no longer working as intended.

C.The temperature probe was broken and the water bath was actually 50 ^oC

D.The glucose solution had been contaminated with ribose.

2. (3 pts.) Someone in class asked whether it wasn't possible for a region of the genome to appear to be IBD (identical by descent) due to a chance sharing of alleles at a number of consecutive loci. Where in their paper (and how) do Ralph and Coop address this possibility? What do they conclude?

Use the below resources to answer the above question

"The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe." Ralph P, Coop G. PMID: 23667324

What are the functions of the plasma membrane? How does the function differ between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

How does DNA differ between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

What is the function of ribosomes? What is the composition of ribosomes? How does it differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

What is a cytoplasm?

What are the 2 main classes of reactions in cells?

What is the energy currency of cells? Why? Be able to explain this in terms of structure.

What is energy coupling?

What are all the functions for each carbon compound? Be able to name a specific one for each function.

What are the levels of protein structure? Anything that happens in the cell is due to protein Proteins function:

   Proteins function:

Structure:

Transport:

Protection/Defense:

Control/regulation:

Catalysis: catalase

Movement:

Storage: