Question

Let's begin with an overview of urine formation. What exactly is urine? How can it be used as a diagnostic tool? What does urine from a healthy person contain? How can urine contents be used as an indicator of health or disease?

Answer 1

URINE FORMATION--(AN OVERVIEW)

Urine is one of the body's waste products. It is primarily composed of water and urea. AS Urea is a special nitrogenous waste compound that the body must routinely remove. Urine formation occurs in the kidney in three stages:

1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion.

Filtration

Stage 1: The kidney is the body's blood filtering system. Blood vessels visit the kidney and enter a special ball of capillaries called the glomerulus.The glomerulus is nestled within a region of the kidney called the Bowman's Capsule. This is where filtration occurs. As blood is pushed through the tiny capillaries, the high-pressure forces some things to pass through the capillary walls. The walls act as a sieve or a filter. Therefore it is called filtration.

Water, sugar, salts, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and other tiny things enter the kidney as a substance called the filtrate. Cells and large blood proteins that cannot fit through remain in the blood vessels. The filtrate entering the kidney is like pre-urine

Reabsorption

Stage 2:The filtrate enters the kidney in the proximal tubule. This region of the kidney is special because many things can be removed from the filtrate. These valuable things are recollected, or reabsorbed, by the body.

Glucose, certain salts, vitamins, hormones, and amino acids are restored to the body and will not be included in urine. Sometimes, if the body has too much of something then the extra sugar or salt will stay in the filtrate. For example, diabetics with high levels of blood glucose may have glucose in their urine since it cannot all be reabsorbed. The filtrate after reabsorption is like pre-urine.

SECRETION

Stage 3:The filtrate then passes through a structure called "loop of Henle"where it gains and lost salt and water.As it leave the loop of henle it enters tha distal tubule where secretion occurs.

URINE IS EXACTLY MADE UP OF-

About 91-96% of urine consists of water. Urine also contains an assortment of--inorganic salts and organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, and a wide range of metabolites, varying by what you eat.

The total solids in urine are on average 59 g per person per day. Organic matter makes up between 65% and 85% of urine dry solids, with volatile solids comprising 75–85% of total solids.

Urea is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total.

On an elemental level, human urine contains

• 6.87 g/L carbon,
• 8.12 g/L nitrogen,
• 8.25 g/L oxygen
• 1.51 g/L hydrogen.

The exact proportions vary with individuals and with factors such as diet and health.In healthy persons, urine contains very little protein; an excess is suggestive of illness.

Urine can be used as a diagnostic tool by--

It is used as screening and/or diagnostic tool because it help to detect substances or cellular material in the urine associated with different metabolic and kidney disorders. It is ordered widely and routinely to detect any abnormalities that require follow up.

Often, substances such as protein or glucose will begin to appear in the urine before patients are aware that they may have a problem. It is used to detect urinary tract infections (UTI) and other disorders of the urinary tract.

Substances such as protein or glucose (sugar) will begin to appear in the urine before patients are aware that they may have a problem.Persistent protein in the urine is one of the earliest signs of chronic kidney disease.

A large amount of glucose in the urine is a sign of potential diabetes. Urine tests can be used to diagnose -urinary tract infections, if bacteria or white blood cells are found.

In patients who have already been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, urinalysis may be ordered at intervals as a quick and useful way to monitor function. It can also provide information about whether treatment is reducing the amount of protein in the urine.

URINE FROM A HEALTHY PERSON CONTAINS--

--Human urine is yellowish in color and variable in chemical composition

A representative chemical composition would be:

water (H₂O): 95%

urea (H₂NCONH₂): 9.3 g/l to 23.3 g/l

chloride (Cl^-): 1.87 g/l to 8.4 g/l

• Sodium (Na⁺): 1.17 g/l to 4.39 g/l
• Potassium (K⁺): 0.750 g/l to 2.61 g/l
• Creatinine (C₄H₇N₃O): 0.670 g/l to 2.15 g/l
• Inorganic sulfur (S): 0.163 to 1.80 g/l

Table of Urine Chemical Composition

Table of urine composition in human lists slightly different values, as well as some additional compounds:

Chemical	Concentration in g/100 ml urine
water	95
urea	2
sodium	0.6
chloride	0.6
sulfate	0.18
potassium	0.15
phosphate	0.12
creatinine	0.1
ammonia	0.05
uric acid	0.03
calcium	0.015
magnesium	0.01
protein	--
glucose	--

Chemical Elements in Human Urine

The element abundance depends on diet, health, and hydration level, but human urine consists of approximately:

oxygen (O): 8.25 g/l
nitrogen (N): 8/12 g/l
carbon (C): 6.87 g/l
hydrogen (H): 1.51 g/l...

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

URINE CONTENTNS USED AS AN INDICATOR FOR DISEASE CHECK-

A sample can be analyzed using a number of different tests.These tests can help doctors diagnose certain diseases or to monitor their progress. For example, urine test strips can show whether you may have a urinary tract infection or diabetes.

RAPID URINE TEST

A rapid urine test is the quickest way to test urine. Itinvolves dipping a test strip with small square colored fields on it into the urine sample for a few seconds. After that you have to wait a little for the result to appear. Depending on the concentration of the particular substance we are testing for, the fields on the test strip change color. Then the resulting colors of the fields are compared with a color table.

In a rapid urine test, a test strip is dipped into the urine and then compared with the colored fields on the packaging.

• pH value (measure of the acidity of the urine. Normal values, depending on diet, range from about 5 to 7, where values under 5 are too acidic-IT WILL CAUSE STONE, and values over 7 can cause urinary tract
• Protein (if high causes kidney inflammation)
• Sugar (IF high content cause high blood sugar level)
• Nitrite ( may be causes bacterial infection)
• Ketone (high blood sugar level)

THANK YOU AND HAVE A WONDERFULL LIFE