What is red tide? Walsh and Carder of University of South Florida attribute red tide to dust from Saharan desert storms. They observe that during red tide, a bacterium called Trichodesmium converts nitrogen in the water to a form that algae can use. Link these observations with what you have learned in class.

What are some ways that microbes are found in nature that differ from how they are found in the lab? What are biofilms? Be able to describe and explain the formation of biofilms and some examples of interdomain communication.

We will detect environmental microbes by microscopic, culture-based, and molecular approaches. ​State the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

1) Explain how a symbiosis b/t a single-celled primitive eukaryote and bacteria let do the evolution of the mitochondria and chloroplast. In your explanation, include the benefit that each symbiont conferred to the other. Provide evidence that the two aforementioned organelles have bacterial origins.

1) Describe the experiment that tests the adaptive advantage of light vs. dark fur color in Peromyscus polionotus. State the hypothesis correctly, describe the experiment, explain the results, and state the conclusion.

Describe the experiment that tests the potential benefit of mimicry (mimicking a venomous species). State the hypothesis correctly, describe the experiment, explain the results, and state the conclusion.

Compare the phylogenies ( the cladistics and UPGMA methods). Describe one major difference between the two evolutionary hypotheses that these trees represent. Why do the contrasting philosophies underlying parsimony versus distance methods give you a different phylogeny?

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Outline three reasons natural selection may have favored bipedal locomotion in the hominin lineage. In each case, explain why hominins became bipedal but other terrestrial primates, such as baboons, did not.

A fly has a genetic mutation that accelerates the breakdown of the period protein. a) How and why would this change circadian rhythms?

b) What do hypothesize the circadian rhythms would look like under normal lighting conditions (12 hours light, 12 hours dark) Describe why this would be

the response. c) What will the circadian rhythms look like under constant dark conditions? Describe why this would be the observation.

Explain why myo D acts as a master switch and sets a cell down a particular developmental pathway. You may also want to review briefly what transcription factors are. (Please try to keep it short)

one serum sample was heated to 56 C for 30 minutes to inactivate the complement proteins. Identify three ways in which this reduces the ability of the serum to kill the bacteria?

If a person were to refuse vaccinations, and therefore transmit a deadly disease to a susceptible person such as a young infant, should the unvaccinated person be criminally prosecuted? Why or why not?