Which of the following produces ATP:

Select one or more:

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

Question 2

The stomach contains 3 layers of skeletal muscle.

Select one:

True

False

Question 3

When blood enters the heart, it always first enters an atrium and then continues to a ventricle.

Select one:

True

False

Question 4

Which of the following are considered to be part of the "innate immune system"?

Select one or more:

a. fever

b. stomach acids

c. interferons

d. T lymphocytes

e. pores developing in the wall of a bactrium, causing it to burst

Question 5

The atrioventricular valve prevents blood from backflowing from the atrium into the ventricle.

Select one:

True

False

Question 6

Which part of the conduction system of the heart is considered to be the heart's pacemaker, i.e. it maintains the steady beat of the heart.

Select one:

a. SA node

b. AV node

c. Purkinje fibers

d. Bundle of His

Question 7

Platelets are pieces of the megakaryocyte cell.

Select one:

True

False

Question 8

Homeostasis is a mechanism that the body uses to balance its internal environment. There are 3 components to the homeostatic mechanism: receptor, control center and effector.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The following is the order of blood flow through the chambers of the heart: inferior and superior vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary vein --> lungs --> pulmonary artery --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Select one:

True

False

Question 10

The molecules that help the body idetify cells as "self" (i.e. not foreign) are the:

Select one:

a. antigens

b. memory cells

c. major histocompatibility complex markers

d. macrophages

Question 11

Which white blood cell is the first to arrive to the site if an infection?

Select one:

a. monocyte

b. neutrophil

c. lymphocyte

d. eosinophil

Question 12

ATP is required for troponin to move off of the myosin binding sites of the tropomyosin molecule.

Select one:

True

False

Question 13

Rigor mortis refers to the stiffening of the body when a person dies. The reason the body stiffens is because, in the contraction cycle, ATP is required for muscle to relax.

Select one:

True

False

Question 14

The main molecule that makes up the "walls" of the cell is the ________ molecule.

Select one:

a. carbohydrate

b. water

c. phospholipid

d. triglyceride

Question 15

Capillaries can be as wide as one red blood cell thick.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

Which part of the mitochondria is said to be the site of ATP synthesis:

Select one:

a. cristae

b. outer membrane

c. cytoplasm

Question 17

This type of bone cell is responsible for building new bone tissue. It is the:

Select one:

a. osteoblast

b. osteocyte

c. osteoclast

Question 18

An autoimmune disorder is when the person's immune system has trouble distinguishing between selfand non-self. Their immune system attacks the person's own cells because it thinks that those cells are foreign when they actually aren't.

Select one:

True

False

Question 19

Where in adults does blood cell production occur?

Select one:

a. in the marrow within the medullary cavity

b. in the yellow bone marrow

c. in the marrow within the spongy bone tissue

d. in the red bone marrow

e. both c and d

Question 20

Mitochondrial diseases that are inherited are more likely to be inherited from the mother than the father.

Select one:

True

False

Question 21

Polysaccharides are made when monosaccharides are bound together through:

Select one:

a. condensation synthesis

b. hydrolysis

c. hydrogen bonding

d. an ionic bond

Question 22

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule does the oxygen bind to?

Select one:

a. globulin

b. heme disc

c. iron

d. alpha chain

e. beta chain

Question 23

What is true about asbestos:

Select one or more:

a. it causes the lysosomes to burst and release enzymes into the entire cell

b. teh lysosome cannot break down asbestos with its digestive enzymes

c. asbestos can increase your risk for lung cancer

d. it causes impaired respiratory function

e. all of the above

Question 24

Which of the following is a function of bones?

Select one:

a. it supports soft tissues

b. it allows us to move

c. it protects us, such as the skull protecting the brain

d. it can store essential minerals that the body needs to survive

e. all of the above

Question 25

The hair root can be found in which layer of the skin?

Select one:

a. epidermis

b. dermis

c. subcutaneous layer

Question 26

The use of anabolic steroids can cause the user to have a heart attack.

Select one:

True

False

Question 27

Not yet answered

Which part of the neuron would you likely find the mitochondria?

Select one:

a. axon

b. dendrite

c. nucleus

d. cell body

Question 28

Leukocytes is the technical term for a white blood cell.

Select one:

True

False

Question 29

When evaluating askin growth to see if it is melanoma, we look at 4 things: asymmetry, undefined borders, multiple mottled colors and grwoths larger than half a centimeter.

Select one:

True

False

Question 30

Where does blood get deoxygenated

Select one:

a. the heart

b. the lungs

c. tissues all over the body

Question 31

The cytotoxic T cell plays an integral role in the antibody-mediated response.

Select one:

True

False

Question 32

When new bone tissue is built, the type of cell that ultimately becomes embedded within the bone matrix is the:

Select one:

a. osteoblast

b. osteocyte

c. osteoclast

Please keep answers short, but concise.

1. how do pathogens change genteically (3 mothods)

2. define epi-, en-, and pandemic disease

3. three factors that promote the spread of pandemic disease

Cancer is a genetic disease that arises due mutations in growth promoting genes (oncogenes) and in growth suppressing genes (tumor suppressor genes). Mutations in oncogenes that can lead to cancer are gain-of-function mutations that result in the constitutive activation of the proteins encoded by these genes. An example of such a gene is Ras, a gene mutated in over 90% of pancreatic cancers. When mutated, the Ras signaling is constitutively active, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins whose normal function is to prevent excessive cells proliferation. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes are loss of function mutations. When mutated, they are no longer able to suppress excessive cell proliferation, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Drugs that inhibit DNA methylation or histone acetylation are often used to treat cancer. Which drug is best to use depends on the nature of the mutated gene driving cancer cell growth.

A. Explain the effect DNA methylation inhibitor of would have on gene expression levels

B. Explain the effect a histone acetylation inhibitor of would have on gene expression levels.

C. For pancreatic cancers driven by mutant Ras, which type of treatment would be a more effective drug to use for treatment, one that inhibits DNA methylation or one that inhibits histone acetylation. Justify your answer.

D. For cancers that are driven by mutations in tumor suppressor genes, would you recommend using the same drug as for oncogene-driven cancers? Why or why not?

How did new theories and inventions of the Scientific Revolution impact religion and the popularity of democracy?

Answer the following things about X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA):

Causes (include b cell pathway)

Symptoms and pathology

The prognosis (with and without treatment) and possible treatments (not cures)

Medical Microbiology

What physiological tests are necessary to differentiate the groups of alpha-hemolytic streptococci from one another? Which Lancefield groups contain alpha-hemolytic streptococci?

What is the effect of cortisol? Describe its overall action

when perfoming the Isolation of the GFP protine lab, what should be present in the collection tubes after each step in the column chromatography? explain in detail please.

Order the steps in the visual pathway, starting at the eye. number 1-6.

a. Activation of photoreceptors

b. Activation of retinal bipolar cells

c. Activation of the optic nerve

d. Decussation of some fibers at the optic chiasma

e. Termination of ganglion cell axons in the thalamus

Optic radiations deliver signal to the Visual Cortex.

where in your body dies the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

From the article, "Am I a Girl, or a Boy? An Unusual Case of Ambiguous Gender", explain the difference between chromosomal & phenotypic sex in 200 or more words.

sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/girl_or_boy.pdf

What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors

Yes or no and why ? 1. Many different types of protists will be present in a sample from a single source..

Provide an example scenario in which the sampling protists would be used in the study of an environmental science issue?

Identify sources of error during the location and identification of the protists.

Please answer all questions please

1.Explain how the NGS approach has been able to bring the cost of sequencing down.

2.In a nutshell, what are the major steps performed during next generation sequencing of DNA? How do these steps differ in the Illumina platform as compared to the Roche 454 platform?

3. Now that the human genome has been sequenced, what types of information still need further research?