What is the difference between group and individual selection? Do you think natural selection operates at the level of a group? Why? Why do some scientists think that is problematic?

What is kin selection, and how is it expected to affect the persistence of cooperative traits?

How does spatial structure affect the stability of cooperation?

5. Urokinase and chymotrypsin ( a digestive enzymes) have one domain in common with each other. This suggests that

a. they eveolve through exon shuffling

b. they are part of a gene family

c. they perform similar functions

9. which of the following point mutations would have little or no effect on cellular function?

a. mutation from AUA to AUG

b. mutation in regulatory region

c. mutation from CUC to AUU

d. mutation from UUA to UUG

e. mutation in exon

f. mutation in introns

10. scientists have estimated mutation rates by studying mutatant E.coli that are His-. Which of the following is (are) NOT true about the experiment involving His- E. coli?

a. His- mutants requires histidine in the media

b.His- mutants can not tolerate histidine

c. His- mutants spontaneously revert back to His+

d. His- mutants can not digest histidine

11. The National Toxicology Program report in 2016 that cell phone radiation increased brain tumor growth in male rats. Radiation can cause damage and mutations to DNA. Suppose you wished to study this further. You mate these rats and find that the offsprings have normal incidence of tumors. You would conclude that the tumors were most likely due to.

a. changes to somatic cells

b. changes in germ cells

c. changes to gonadal cells

If on the other hand the offspring also had increase tumor growth then you would conclude that the

a. tumor cells were passed down to offsprings

b. changes occur in stem cells

c. changes occur in germ cells

cell phones emit................ raditation when talking than on standby.

a. more

b. less

That would suggest that using a hands-free headset may be beneficial in preventing brain tumors. Ironically if the phone is kept in the pocket during a call using a headset then the genetic changes would be

a. prevented

b. more likely to pass to the next generation

c. less severe

Several Gulf Coast states most notably Florida but also AL and TX have started artificial coral reef programs off of their coasts. From your knowledge of the structure of coral reefs and their requirements to establish describe what is involved in starting and artificial reef and given the bottom characteristics along the Gulf Coast why these steps are necessary. Also explain why states like Mass. Washington, and Maine have not started similar programs.

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake venom contains high levles of Phospholipase A2, this catalyzes the breakdown of the second of the three (C-2 position) lipid groups of glycerophospholipids. Though the high levels of phospholipase A2 in venom can be deadly, this enzyme is necessary for a variety of normal metabolic processes. What problem(s) does excess of this enzyme cause, by hydrolyzing these bonds? And what are the normal metabolic processes that phospholipase A2 is used for?

subject must be from Saudia Arabia

Which of the following macromolecules would yield only one type of monomer after complete hydrolysis?

A. DNA

B. Glycogen

C. Lipoprotein

D. RNA

E. Triacylglycerol

The answer is B but can someone explain why that is the answer and the others are wrong?

Cloning is a major topic of debate. Briefly describe the process of cloning in the lab incorporating facts.

How is cloning involved in gene therapy?

Give a specific and detailed example of how gene therapy may be used to solve problems associated with genetic disorders. Discuss the benefits and possible hazards of gene therapy to human health.

What might be the benefits of cloning? What are potential dangers or threats associated with the widespread use of cloning? Discuss the ethics of cloning in its various proposed forms and uses. Discuss how cloning is related to GMOs.

Make a table listing the four major challenges to plants living on land. In the second column, list at least one plant adaptation for each challenge.

1. Suzie was curious about how productive college sophomores attending Penn State Main campus are in working on a math worksheet when listening to music. She decided to conduct an experiment. She picked five of her closest sophomore friends to participate. She had each of them bring a phone and headphones to listen to music. She gave them all a copy of the same calculus worksheet to work on and timed how long it took them to finish it correctly.

a. List three things wrong with Suzie’s experiment.

2. Explain the difference between a independent variable and a dependent variable. a. Provide an example of each in contexts of an experiment.

3. Give two reasons why ratio measurement is the best measurement system.

4. Define a random sample and convenience sample.

How is glycogen synthesis and breakdown a) reciprocally regulated to prevent the formation fo a futile cycle? and b) hormonally regulated to increase the supply of available ATP during times of stress?

MacConkey agar is selective and differential. Explain why they are selective and differential, and what is in the media that enables this to occur.

What results would you expect from plating the following microorganisms on MacConkey, and why?

A) Staphylococcus aureus

B) Serratia marcescens

C) Escherichia coli

- In what ways might algae benefit other organisms in the water?

- In what ways might algae harm other organisms?

- Suppose you are responsible for "cleaning up" a lake that is polluted with algae. What would you do, and why?

What component of the foraging process best explains the differences you see between the functional response of the predator on each of the prey types?