How does high throughput sequencing differ from traditional sequencing methods? What makes high throughput sequencing faster and cheaper?

In Drosophila, the recessive dp allele of the dumpy gene produces short, curved wings, while the recessive allele bw of the brown gene causes brown eyes. In a testcross using females heterozygous for both of these genes, the following results were obtained:

wild-type wings, wild-type eyes 178

wild-type wings, brown eyes 185

dumpy wings, wild-type eyes 172

dumpy wings, brown eyes 181

In a testcross using males heterozygous for both of these genes, a different set of results was obtained:

wild-type wings, wild-type eyes 247

dumpy wings, brown eyes 242

a. What can you conclude from the first testcross?

b. What can you conclude from the second testcross?

c. How can you reconcile the data shown in parts a and b ? Can you exploit the difference between these two sets of data to devise a general test for synteny in Drosophila?

d. The genetic distance between dumpy and brown is 91.5 m.u. How could this value be measured?

Diagram and describe photorespiration. Why does it occur? Diagram and describe the C4 and CAM pathways and explain how they reduce photorespiration. Why don’t all plants use these pathways?

(no bullet points, essay format)

2. Cross a homozygous tall yellow seeded plant with a homozygous short green seeded plant. This is called the P1 cross, and it will produce offspring called the F1 generation. Tallness is dominant to shortness, so use a capital T to represent the tallness allele and lower case t to represent the shortness allele. Yellow seeds are dominant to green sees, so use a capital Y to represent the yellow seed allele and a lower case y to represent the green seed allele.

a) What is the genotype of the tall plant?

b) What gametes can the tall plant make?

c) What is the genotype of the short plant?

d) What gametes can the short plant make?

e) Create a punnett square explaining this

f) What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 plants?

g) What is the phenotypic ration of the F1 plants?

Diagram and describe how uncoupling proteins work, including their effects on cellular respiration. Explain how these proteins might play a role in thermogenesis and the control of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide. (Hint: you’ll need to explain the ETC and proton gradient for this.)

(no bullet points, essay format)

PLEASE ANSWER ALL PARTS FULLY!

How was liquid hybridization used to compare species relatedness? What is the purpose/significance of Driver versus Tracer DNA? What is Subtractive Hybridization, how/why would you use this technique?

Compare Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger DNA sequencing methods. What are the more descriptive names for these techniques? How are the techniques similar? different? What reagents are used in each reaction? How are the results read? Do you get the sequence of the molecule you started with or the complementary molecule? How does fluorescent cycle sequencing differ from the original Sanger Method?

Diagram and describe how eukaryotic photosynthesis works. Include a labeled diagram of the appropriate cell structures, and show where each step occurs. (The level of detail for this question should be equivalent to the respiration question. This question is about the fundamental C3 pathway; you don’t need to include photorespiration or alternate photosynthetic pathways.)

(no bullet points, essay form)

Diagram and describe how eukaryotic cellular respiration works. Include a labeled diagram of the appropriate cell structures. Show where each of the main stages of respiration occurs. (Hints: The book shows several diagrams of various parts of cellular respiration. For this question, I’m asking you to create one integrated diagram that shows all the parts of the process in one diagram. Your diagram can clearly show where everything goes, but you’ll need some text to explain the energy involved. Your answer should account for all the ATP, NADH, and FADH2 that are produced and used. Note that there are cycles for these 3 molecules. You don’t need to give the names or structures of all the chemical intermediates involved in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle, but you should know the reactants and final products. Be sure to indicate how each substance crosses membranes when necessary.)

(no bullet points, essay form)

Make a Dichotomous Key using the folowing bacteria to ultimately isolate the following organims using PEA, gram stain, catalase test, oxidase test, MSA, etc.:

Proteus                           Acinetobacter                       Staphylococcus                     Micrococcus

Lactobacillus                  Salmonella                            Escherichia                            Neisseria

Bacillus                          Shingella                               Klebsiella                              Citrobacter

Serratia                           Enterobacter                         Pseudomonas                        Streptococcus

In your own words, explain the connection between monophyly, synapomorphy, and homology. In your discussion, use limbs as a synapomorphy to tetrapods.

Please write you thoughts on what you have learned that has impacted you the most in your journey through the masters in Health care informatics program. please write a 2 pages thought

#1. You have two pure-bred dog strains of Labrador retriever: Yellow (BBee) and Brown (bbEE). You friend wants to have a pure-bred puppy with black coat color. Let’s assume this set of coat color variations follows recessive epistasis with the allele ‘ee’ masking B or b.

A) provide breeding schemes
B) after breeding experiments, provide a scheme of identifying the pure-bred one with black

color. Also, what is the frequency of the pure-bred one among the black puppies.

#2. In the rat, the gene for the pigment (P) is dominant to no pigment (p). The gene for black

(B) is dominant to the gene for cream (b). If a pigment gene (P) is absent, genes B and b are inoperative or non-functional, resulting in albino phenotype.

A) What kind of inheritance patterns is this? Provide a brief explanation.
B) Provide the genotype and phenotype of the F1 of a cross between homozygous black rat

and an albino homozygous for cream.

C) If you self-cross the F1 describe above, what kinds of rat will you see in terms of genotype and phenotype?

1) what happens during the interphase of the cell cycle?

2) why can't you see the chromosome during interphase of the cell cycle ?

who is credited with discovering the ABO, Rh blood group antigens and what was the significance?

Explain how ATP hydrolysis can be coupled to endergonic reactions to make them energetically more favorable.