1. Put the general step in order necessary to create bacteria capable of producing human insulin.

step 1

step 2

step 3

step 4

step 5

a. splice the human insulin DNA into the bacterial plasmid

b. Cut the bacteria plasmid with HindIII

c. Treat bacterial to induce transformation

d. culture bacteria and isolate the protein

e. cut the bacteria plasmid with BamH1

f. isolate and cut the human insulin gene with BamH1

2. Human DNA cut with BamH1 can be joined to

a. human DNA cut with HindiIII

b. bacteria DNA cut with BamH1

c. Human DNA that is uncut

d. none of the above

e. bacterial DNA that is uncut

3. which of the following could not be a recognition site of a palindromic restriction endonuclease?

a. GAATTC

CTTAAG

b. ATCGAT

TAGCTA

c. CTGCAG
GACGTC

d. GCTTGC

CGAACG

e. GGATCC

CCTAGG

4. Because eukaryotic genes contain introns, they cannot be translated by bacteria, which lack RNA-splicing machinery. But if you want to engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein (such as insulin), you can synthesize a gene without introns. The best way to do this is to:

a. alter the bacteria so that they can splice RNA

b. Use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene

c. work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns

5. The gene for human growth hormone (HGH) can be inserted into the genome of bacteria. The bacteria that take up the HGH gene can transcribe and translate this gene into small quantities of this protein. How is this technology possible?

a. bacteria employ the same genetic code as humans

b. Humans require HGH grow normally.

c. Reproductive cloning is possible only in bacteria

d. The genomes of bacteria and human are similar

6. In the process of gel electrophoresis, DNA segment can be separated from each other based on?

a. the ratio of thymine to adenine base-pairs compared to cytosine to guanine base-pairs

b. the fact that some segments are negatively charged while others are positively charged.

c. the fact that some of the DNA will be single-stranded while others will be double-stranded

d. the length of each base-pair segment

7. which of the following is not true about restriction endonucleases?

a. restriction endonucleases cut in an internal region of the DNA

b. Restriction endonucleases are used by bacteria to cut viral DNA

c. restriction endonuclease can produce "sticky ends."

d. Restriction endonucleases are only useful to scientists if they cut specific recognition sites.

8. you are given a linear piece of DNA Gel electrophoresis and restriction digestion results in the following data:

DNA + Ecoli produces two bands of 800bp and 200 bp

DNA + BamHI produces one band of 500 bp

DNA + Ecoli + BamHI produces three bands of 500bp, 300bp, and 200bp

Which of the following is not true?

a. there is a single Ecoli recognition site in the DNA

b. There are two Ecoli recognition sites in the DAN

c. There is a single BamHI recognition site in the DAN

d. the uncut DNA would produce a single band of 1.000bp

9. sequences in DNA that restriction enzymes bind to and cut are mostly:

a. random sequences

b. symmetrical about the midpoint

c. antiparallel

d. not symmetrical about the midpoint.

10. the single strand ends of DNA molecules can be joined together by:

a. restriction endonucleases

b. DNA polymerase

c. RNA polymerase

d. DNA ligase

11. If a circular piece of DNA has three sites for a particular restriction enzyme, how many fragments will be generated by complete digestion with that enzyme .................

  

Berkley Pit​ lake

1. What types of microbes would one expect to be living in such polluted water?
2. Suggest some possible ways that microbes survive and even thrive under such conditions.
3. Identify an environment similar to the Berkeley Pit. Describe the environment, the pollutant and the possibility of environmental hazard, if you think it would cause one..

What is the name of the part of the microscope that the objectives are attached to? (choose the best answer)

The purpose of melanocytes is to protect the other cells from becoming damaged and turning into cancer cells.

Select one:

True

False

Question 12

It is amazing that when we swim in a pool, we do not absorb the water from the pool into our bodies. Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for this?

Select one:

a. stratum basale

b. stratum spinosum

c. stratum granulosum

d. stratum lucidum

e. stratum corneum

Question 13

Which knob moves the stage up and down more quickly - the coarse focus knob or the fine focus knob?

Select one:

a. coarse focus knob

b. fine focus knob

Which of the following organ systems does the pancreas belong to:

Select one or more:

a. endocrine

b. reproductive

c. immune

d. digestive

The thumb is lateral to the middle finger.

Select one:

True

False

The elbow is distal to the wrist.

Select one:

True

False

What are some connections between the outputs of photosynthesis and your life, and the life of most animals on the planet?  

1.Lipids

a.Yield less energy per gram than do carbohydrates

b.Include cartilage and chitin

c.Include fats consisting of one fatty-acid molecule and three glycerol molecules

d.Are composed of monosaccharides

e.None of the above

2.The endoplasmic reticulum

a Serves as the internal transportation system of a cell

b Is the inner membrane of the mitochondria

c Is characterized by the presence of ribosomes throughout

d Manufactures ATP

e Is found in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm

3.

Photosynthesis is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

a Chloroplasts

b Plastids

c Grana

d Thylakoid

e Vacuoles

4.

Which type of organelle can break down substances without oxygen and in a low pH environment?

a Peroxisome

b Lysosome

c Central vacuole

d Mitochondria

5.

Which statement is true of plasma membranes?

a They have molecules on their surfaces that identify them

b They are essentially impermeable

c They are basically static, nonchanging structures

d They are hydrophilic barriers between cells

e They function primarily through the activity of their carbohydrates

what are some of the most common clinical and pathological manifestations of human immunity

Discuss the statement that “DNA isn’t just a sequence of letters; it’s not just a script. DNA is a dynamic movie in which our experiences are being written.” How does this relate to Gottlieb’s theory of probabilistic epigenesis? 100 or more words essay

. Compare/ contrast (3 pts each) a. Give one characteristic that is the same between X-inactivation and genomic imprinting, then give one characteristic that is different between them. b. Give one characteristic that is the same between autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive inheritance, then give one characteristic that is different between them. c. Give one characteristic that is the same between hemophilia and congenital hypertrichosis, then give one characteristic that is different between them.

What is the most common mutation found in the CFTR gene? c. Sickle cell anemia is also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. What gene is mutated to cause sickle cell anemia? (1 pt) d. Why is it advantageous for a person to be heterozygous for the sickle cell trait? (2 pts)

Influenza viruses gain entry into their host cells by attachment to N-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the cell surface, followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. What effect would the following treatments have on attachment of the virion to a susceptible cell.

i.Treatment of the susceptible cell with neuraminidase

ii.Treatment of the susceptible cell with NH4 Cl to prevent lowering of lysosomal pH

iii. Treatment of the susceptible cell with actinomycin D, which prevents synthesis of messenger mRNA

b. What effect would these same treatments have on uncoating of the virion?

C. What effect would each of these treatments have on the burst size of an influenza infection?

You’ve identified an antigenic protein unique to multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). You’d like to create a MRSA vaccine based on an in vitro transcribed mRNA. Several answers will be acceptable, since there are several technical approaches to carry out the same tasks. Specifically:

(1 pt) What molecular method could you use to clone the gene from S. aureus? (Name a specific approach from earlier in the course).

(1 pt) What will be the components of your IVT mRNA itself?

(1 pt) What steps could you take to reduce the immunogenicity of the IVT mRNA?

(1 pt) What is one way you might deliver the IVT mRNA into a patient?

(1 pt) You find that the S. aureus protein is poorly expressed in human cells. How could you change your

         mRNA sequence to boost ex

Create a table of the following skin diseases:

5) Pseudomembranous colitis

6) Hepatitis

7) Salmonellosis

8) Campylobacter diarrhea

9) Amebiasis

10) Shigellosis

11) Typhoid fever

12) Mumps

13) Viral Gastroenteritis

14) Pinworm

15) Anisakiasis

Create columns as shown below:

Name of Disease	Causative Agent(s)	Common Mode of Transmission	Pathogenesis and Virulence factors	Epidemiology	Prevention and Treatment

Explain why demographic bottlenecks and invasive species are problematic for ecological restoration.

Which of the following produces ATP:

Select one or more:

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

Question 2

The stomach contains 3 layers of skeletal muscle.

Select one:

True

False

Question 3

When blood enters the heart, it always first enters an atrium and then continues to a ventricle.

Select one:

True

False

Question 4

Which of the following are considered to be part of the "innate immune system"?

Select one or more:

a. fever

b. stomach acids

c. interferons

d. T lymphocytes

e. pores developing in the wall of a bactrium, causing it to burst

Question 5

The atrioventricular valve prevents blood from backflowing from the atrium into the ventricle.

Select one:

True

False

Question 6

Which part of the conduction system of the heart is considered to be the heart's pacemaker, i.e. it maintains the steady beat of the heart.

Select one:

a. SA node

b. AV node

c. Purkinje fibers

d. Bundle of His

Question 7

Platelets are pieces of the megakaryocyte cell.

Select one:

True

False

Question 8

Homeostasis is a mechanism that the body uses to balance its internal environment. There are 3 components to the homeostatic mechanism: receptor, control center and effector.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The following is the order of blood flow through the chambers of the heart: inferior and superior vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary vein --> lungs --> pulmonary artery --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Select one:

True

False

Question 10

The molecules that help the body idetify cells as "self" (i.e. not foreign) are the:

Select one:

a. antigens

b. memory cells

c. major histocompatibility complex markers

d. macrophages

Question 11

Which white blood cell is the first to arrive to the site if an infection?

Select one:

a. monocyte

b. neutrophil

c. lymphocyte

d. eosinophil

Question 12

ATP is required for troponin to move off of the myosin binding sites of the tropomyosin molecule.

Select one:

True

False

Question 13

Rigor mortis refers to the stiffening of the body when a person dies. The reason the body stiffens is because, in the contraction cycle, ATP is required for muscle to relax.

Select one:

True

False

Question 14

The main molecule that makes up the "walls" of the cell is the ________ molecule.

Select one:

a. carbohydrate

b. water

c. phospholipid

d. triglyceride

Question 15

Capillaries can be as wide as one red blood cell thick.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

Which part of the mitochondria is said to be the site of ATP synthesis:

Select one:

a. cristae

b. outer membrane

c. cytoplasm

Question 17

This type of bone cell is responsible for building new bone tissue. It is the:

Select one:

a. osteoblast

b. osteocyte

c. osteoclast

Question 18

An autoimmune disorder is when the person's immune system has trouble distinguishing between selfand non-self. Their immune system attacks the person's own cells because it thinks that those cells are foreign when they actually aren't.

Select one:

True

False

Question 19

Where in adults does blood cell production occur?

Select one:

a. in the marrow within the medullary cavity

b. in the yellow bone marrow

c. in the marrow within the spongy bone tissue

d. in the red bone marrow

e. both c and d

Question 20

Mitochondrial diseases that are inherited are more likely to be inherited from the mother than the father.

Select one:

True

False

Question 21

Polysaccharides are made when monosaccharides are bound together through:

Select one:

a. condensation synthesis

b. hydrolysis

c. hydrogen bonding

d. an ionic bond

Question 22

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule does the oxygen bind to?

Select one:

a. globulin

b. heme disc

c. iron

d. alpha chain

e. beta chain

Question 23

What is true about asbestos:

Select one or more:

a. it causes the lysosomes to burst and release enzymes into the entire cell

b. teh lysosome cannot break down asbestos with its digestive enzymes

c. asbestos can increase your risk for lung cancer

d. it causes impaired respiratory function

e. all of the above

Question 24

Which of the following is a function of bones?

Select one:

a. it supports soft tissues

b. it allows us to move

c. it protects us, such as the skull protecting the brain

d. it can store essential minerals that the body needs to survive

e. all of the above

Question 25

The hair root can be found in which layer of the skin?

Select one:

a. epidermis

b. dermis

c. subcutaneous layer

Question 26

The use of anabolic steroids can cause the user to have a heart attack.

Select one:

True

False

Question 27

Not yet answered

Which part of the neuron would you likely find the mitochondria?

Select one:

a. axon

b. dendrite

c. nucleus

d. cell body

Question 28

Leukocytes is the technical term for a white blood cell.

Select one:

True

False

Question 29

When evaluating askin growth to see if it is melanoma, we look at 4 things: asymmetry, undefined borders, multiple mottled colors and grwoths larger than half a centimeter.

Select one:

True

False

Question 30

Where does blood get deoxygenated

Select one:

a. the heart

b. the lungs

c. tissues all over the body

Question 31

The cytotoxic T cell plays an integral role in the antibody-mediated response.

Select one:

True

False

Question 32

When new bone tissue is built, the type of cell that ultimately becomes embedded within the bone matrix is the:

Select one:

a. osteoblast

b. osteocyte

c. osteoclast