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Predict what would happen to the carbon cycle if plants were not a part of it. Provide an explanation for your prediction.

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Name the four processes of the nitrogen cycle and describe what happens in each process.

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Define the term carrying capacity. Explain the reason every environment has a carrying capacity.

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Explain how fossils provide evidence for the process of evolution.

Describe how changing one amino acid in an enzyme could affect the function of that enzyme. Be sure to include in your answer how this change could affect the various levels of protein structure and function. Be specific with a concrete example of the change e.g. hydrophobic amino acid for a hydrophilic amino acid, or an ionic amino acid for a neutral amino acid. (Terms you want to include in your answer- active site, lock and key model or induced fit model- i.e. how does change in 3-d structure effect function of the enzyme).

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Describe two ways that humans have contributed to the extinction of different species.

How did the evolution of photosynthesis alter the course of evolution. Please be at least 7 sentences and be descriptive about how it changed evolution.

Are sex chromosomes only found in germ cells (i.e., gametes or sex cells)? Explain.

How does the redox potential relate to the affinity a molecule has for electrons? How does the redox potential explain the pathway electrons take through the electron transport chain?

What are the 3 conformations of the ATP synthase? How is ATP produced?

Describe the experiment by Hofman, Van Riswick, and Van Opsal (1998). What is an HRTF, i.e., how is it measured? Describe the changes in performance that occur with experience listening with ear molds. How do the data of Hoffman, van Riswick, and van Opsal demonstrate an individual can possess multiple simultaneous pinna transform functions (that relate pinna filtering to elevation)?

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Describe the two binaural cues used by the auditory system to localize sounds in space. What aspects of the interaction of the sound with the listener lead to the existence of these two cues? What is the duplex theory of sound localization? How does the usefulness of these two cues change as a function of frequency? Is the duplex theory applicable to all types of stimuli? Cite an auditory ability that argues that interaural differences of time can be used when the spectrum of the sound (e.g., the frequencies at which it has energy) is confined to high frequencies. Describe the neurophysiological mechanisms for cells that are selective to different interaural differences of time in the medial superior olive. How does one predict sensitivity of units to interaural differences of time from monaural response properties? How are interaural differences of level extracted in the lateral superior olive?

In this second case you will modify the simulation to make it more realistic. In the natural environment, not all genotypes have the same rate of survival; that is, the environment might favor some genotypes while selecting against others. An example is the human condition sickle-cell anemia. It is a condition caused by a mutation on one allele, in which a homozygous recessive does not survive to reproduce. For this simulation you will assume that the homozygous recessive (ff) individuals never survive while heterozygous (Ff) and homozygous dominant (FF) individuals always survive.

Create a second data chart similar to Chart 2. Start again with your initial genotype and produce your "offspring" as in Case 1. This time, however, there is one important difference. Every time your offspring is ff it does not reproduce. Because we want to maintain a constant population size, the same two parents must try again until they produce two surviving offspring. Repeat the procedure 49 more times. In other words, every time you pull an ff combination, do not record it. Put it back and pull again.

Before you begin, make a prediction about what you expect to observe regarding this population's allele frequency over several generations. Record your hypothesis in your lab report.

Record your results as you did in Case Study 1. Replenish your bag according to the previous draw for the remainder of the four draws.

Now that you have collected data on your own, be sure to share with your partner(s) to compile within the lab report.

Chart 2 (example data chart)

How does the complement cascade link innate and adaptive immunity?

If excess water passes out from the tissue without being restored by the kidneys, the cells would

(a) burst open and die

(b) take water from the plasma

(c) not be affected at all

(d) shrivel and die.