A red blood cell has a disk diameter of 0.6 micrometers and an intracellular isotonic osmolarity of 290mOsmol/l at a temperature of 293 kelvin. The hydraulic permeability of the red blood cell is 2.4 micrometer atm^-1min^-1 with a b inactive fraction intercept of 0.2. Calculate the normalized cell volume and plot it against osmolarity variations between 50mOsm to 850mOsm. Plot another graph that represents cell volume variations against time when the extracellular isotonic osmolarity varies from 290mOsmol/l to 990mOsm/l.

Scientists were successful in creating Dolly the sheep using the nucleus isolated from a differentiated cell from an adult mammary gland. They transferred this nucleus to an enucleated egg and activated the egg to start development. Thus, the adult mammary gland nucleus could replace the nucleus created in the 1 cell zygote from the fusion of the egg and sperm genetic material. Wow! It's amazing that this works!

1) Describe in your own words how the success of reproductive cloning is able to demonstrate "genomic equivalence".

2) BUT....While this technique was successful in creating Dolly (and in a wide array of other species), it has a notoriously low success rate. Ignoring all of the technical reasons why this could fail (meaning ignoring all of the "scientist user error"), explain how the contents of the nucleus can contain the same genetic sequence but still not be functionally equivalent to the 1 cell zygote nucleus. What might be different between a mature nucleus and a zygote nucleus that results in the low success rate?

need new and unique answers, please. (Use your own words, don't copy and paste), Please Use your keyboard (Don't use handwriting) Thank you..

PHC 231

1.   Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI)
"or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital
settings. Address the following in your report:
a)   Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b)   Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable
for the infection.
c)   Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and
control measures
d)   Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes
in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e)   Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?

Why is the rapid initial growth rate of the hypocotyl-root axis important to seedlings? Contrast this with the epigeal type.  (hypogeal or cryptocotylar type of germination)

RNAi is used to functionally inactivate genes in cells and whole organisms like C. elegans. Describe the basics of how you would knock down the expression of a gene required for muscle formation in C. elegans and what method could you use to confirm that your results were specifically attributed to the RNAi?

1. A broad, dense bacterial cell wall 20-80 nm thick and consisting of numerous interconnecting layers of peptidoglycan. Interwoven in the cell wall are teichoic acids. (2 words)
2. An exoenzyme that hydrolizes starch is called a __________.
5. The fortht reagent used during gram staining is__________.
6. In carbohydrate fermentation, the Durham tube is used to detect the production of _________.
7. During protein hydrolysis, proteins are broken down into ______________. (2 words)
8. An anaerobic process during which carbohydrates are broken down for energy production.
9. Gram-positive bacteria stain _______ after gram staining.
11. Axial filaments are iInternal flagella found only in __________.
12. Completely surrounded by flagella.
14. A single flagellum at both poles.
15. A genus of bacterium that produces endospores.
16. A microscope that uses special optics convert slight variations in specimen thickness into corresponding visible variation in brightness. Thus, the bacterium and its structures appear darker than the background. (2 words)

Question 1

Regulated exocytosis involves __________vesicles that contain cargo such as hormones, mucus or ______________and are released in response to an __________signal. In contrast, unregulated exocytosis involves cargo of macromolecules like ____________ and soluble proteins and are released ____________ an external signal.

Question 2                

When is the signal sequence for the ER cleaved off a protein that is being translated on the ER?

1. It is always cleaved off.

2. Only when the a soluble protein is translated into the ER lumen.

3. For soluble proteins and single-pass transmembrane proteins.

4. Only when the protein is embedded into the ER membrane.

Question 3                

Where does translation always start in the cell?

1. On a free ribosome in the cytosol

2. On a ribosome on the ER for a secreted protein

3. In the nucleus

4. On a ribosome on the ER for a membrane protein

Question 4

If a protein is to be imbedded as a multi-pass protein in the ER membrane, what part of the protein will have a signal sequence?

1. Interior of the protein
2. 5’ end of the protein
3. carboxyl terminal end
4. amino terminal end

Consider the following naturally occurring forms of Hb. A. HbS (sickle-cell Hb): substitutes a V for a E on the surface B. Hb Cowtown: eliminates an ion pair involved in T-state stabilization C. Hb Memphis: substitutes one uncharged polar residue for another of similar size on the surface D. Hb Bibba: substitutes a P for a L involved in an a helix E. Hb Milwaukee: substitutes a E for a V F. Hb Providence: substitutes an N for a K that normally projects into the central cavity of the tetramer Of the above, which do you expect to be: LEAST likely to cause pathological symptoms. MOST likely to show pI values different from that of HbA on an isoelectric focusing gel. MOST likely to show an increase in the overall affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen. EXPLAIN your answers.

What is the differential adhesion hypothesis (think "surface tension") and why it is important?

1) How does temperature affect enzyme function? Hint: discuss two separate processes.

2) What is an active site on an enzyme? What is a substrate?

3) What is the metastable state, and what does it have to do with activation energy?

4) What is V_max, and how does it relate to the concept of saturation?

5) What is allosteric regulation of an enzyme?

1. How does SIV differ from HIV?
2. Dr. Hahn and her colleague, Dr. Gould, believe that the fact that AIDS appeared as an epidemic in the 20th century and not before is due to a combination of factors, such as more roads, providing greater access to forested areas, urbanization, prostitution, social disruption and other socio-behavioral changes. Why would these factors lead to an epidemic?
3. Current event: What similarities or differences do you notice with the current COVID-19 pandemic with the HIV/AIDS pandemic? Are there any factors that you learned from this case study that you can relate to the current viral epidemic?

Question 1

Let’s start with a relatively straightforward one – and make it topical.

1. Briefly explain what qPCR is and why it is different than traditional PCR. Address what the q stands for and why the technique is sometimes called real-time pcr.

Unfortunately – that real-time moniker became a problem because some people shortened it to RT-PCR.However, most usage of RT-PCR is something distinct from qPCR.

2. Describe that something else RT-PCR.

You can combine qPCR and RT-PCR – producing RT-qPCR. One application of RT-qPCR is detection of certain viruses – such as COVID-19.

3. For this application, describe why RT-qPCR is preferable to qPCR.
4. For this application, describe why RT-qPCR is preferable to RT-PCR.