What is the value of biodiversity?

Compare and contrast the activity of GLUT-1 and the glucose/Na transporter protein.

1 - What is the effect on transcription if nearby histones are acetylated?

Select one:

a. The region is less accessible for DNA Polymerase

b. The genes in this region will be unaffected

c. The region is more accessible for RNA Polymerase

d. The genes in the region will expose its enhancers

2- Are UAUA the first nucleotides in a mRNA?

Select one:

a. No, the first nucleotides are AUAU

b. No, since the first nucleotide in a mRNA is an inverted "A"

c. Yes, as this is the transcription start site

d. No, since transcription begins downstream of the TATA-box

3- Do all transcription factors increase transcription?

Select one:

a. No, since transcription factors can promote or prevent the recruitment of RNA Polymerase

b. No, since many transcription factors require activation

c. Yes, by directly or indirectly recruiting RNA Polymerase

d. Yes, by binding to a proximal or distal control element

Question 4

If a gene contains 21 exons, how many introns are there?

Select one:

a. 20

b. 22

c. 21

Question 5

What is alternative splicing?

Select one:

a. When certain exons are included or excluded, in a situation-dependent manner

b. When a mRNA is edited to replace certain nucleotides

c. When a mRNA is incorrectly folded

d. When a mRNA is cut into two fragments and each encodes a different protein

Question 6

A mRNA contains the sequence AUUUA, which is known to bind to proteins that recruit Deadenylase. Normally, which nuclease would degrade this mRNA?

Select one:

a. 3’-to-5’ exonuclease

b. RNA endonuclease

c. RISC

d. 5’-to-3’ exonuclease

Question 7

A mRNA contains the sequence AUUUA, which is known to bind to proteins that recruit Deadenylase. If this sequence is present in the mRNA for the growth factor GM-CSF, but mutates to become ACUCA, what do you expect to happen?

Select one:

a. The cell may grow uncontrollably

b. mRNA levels will be unchanged, but more GM-CSF protein will be produced

c. The mRNA will be degraded more rapidly

Question 8

How do the 5’ and 3’ UTRs of an eukaryotic mRNA influence translation?

Select one:

a. They control the recruitment of tRNAs to the ribosome

b. They can either enhance or repress the recruitment of the ribosome

c. They can recruit miRNAs or siRNAs that inhibit translation

d. Two of the other answers are true

e. Three of the other answers are true

Question 9

How do the 5’ cap and 3’ tail of an eukaryotic mRNA directly influence its translation?

Select one:

a. They allow the mRNA to be exported from the nucleus so that it can be translated

b. They prevent mRNA degradation

c. They recruit tRNAs to the ribosome

d. They are involved in the circularization of the mRNA, enabling efficient translation

Question 10

How is the destination of a protein usually determined?

Select one:

a. By its post-transcriptional modifications

b. By its function

c. By its post-translational modifications

d. By its amino acid sequence

Describe the reasons why endurance training increases fat oxidation during exercise.

The Central Nervous System is considered “immunologically privileged.” What does this mean? What are the features of the anatomical structures that that enable this status. What are the factors that can cause a breach into the status of this system?

How do these characteristics play a role in the efficacy of treating infections in the Nervous System, and can they contribute to the occurrence of latent infections within this system?

A) List one type of error-prone DNA repair mechanism (which routinely introduces errors into the repaired DNA) and list the type of DNA damage repaired. B) List one DNA repair mechanism that generally corrects the DNA damage without error, and list the type of DNA damage repaired.

Hospitals are finding the importance of developing strategies to become a high reliability organization (HRO). Why would this be important in healthcare and share at least 1 strategy that should be used to develop this type of an organization?

describe four animals’ mating strategies in your own words.

1a. what generates proton gradient? where is it generates and how does that limit amount of gradient possible?

1b. What is oxygen used for during metabolism, and what happens if it is absent?

1c. What molecule increases in the cell when oxygen is absent, and what cellular process related to cell death can this trigger? How is this mechanism an anti-cancer mechanism?

1d. In multicellularity, what problem arises in reproduction by only a subset of the aggregate cells? Does this same problem arise in clonal forms of multicellular organisms?

1e. What enzymes are used in cell signaling in metazoa?

1. How does an electrical impulse from a nerve lead to muscle contraction?
2. How does skeletal muscle contract and generate force?
3. How does muscle twitch, summation, and tetanus affect the strength and duration of muscle contraction?
4. What are the different types of skeletal muscle contractions? Explain the difference?

Own Words Please.

Carbon monoxide poisoning often has fatal results. When an individual is exposed to large amounts of carbon monoxide, it essentially prevents oxygen from being delivered to electron transport chains. Based on your understanding of the electron transport chain, what specific problems would this cause? Why would the individual ultimately die?

Explain the importance of glycolipids in the plasma membrane, identify where they are produced inside the cell, and describe the mechanism by which they are transported to the plasma membrane and presented to the extracellular environment. Draw a diagram to support your answer.