- Briefly explain how can you remove residual gDNA from RNA.

- What would be the issue(s) of having gDNA contamination in the RNA samples to be used for reverse transcription?

- Briefly explain when is recommended to use a one-step or a two-step reverse transcription protocol?

The demographic transition:The 4 stages of this transition are very important to know and understand.

a For each stage below explain what is occurring with birth and death rates AND state if population is stable, growing or declining. (3 points)

• Stage 1
• Stage 2
• Stage 3
• Stage 4

b) Imagine you are a political leader in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition and you are developing a plan to move your country through stages 2 and 3 to reach stage 4 as quickly as possible. What would be some specific methods you would advocate or laws you would pass to reach this goal. (1pt)

report on Iron deficiency and Vitamin B12 deficiency. how they occur? and what can be done to help?

1.) In the first step of glycolysis, the cell SPENDS an ATP and phosphorylates glucose as soon as it enters the cell. Why does the cell do this? Give two reasons!

2.) Speculate on why glycolysis, which is the beginning point of many catabolic pathways does not require oxygen.

1.

Which genus contains acid-fast bacteria?

a. Bacillus

b. Staphylococcus

c. Streptococcus

d. Mycobacterium

2.

What component of the cell wall is responsible for the manner in which acid-fast bacteria absorb and

release stain?

a. isoniazid

b. mycolic acid

c. lipopolysaccharide

d. peptidoglycan

3.

In a properly done acid-fast stain, non-acid-fast bacteria will appear what color?

a. purple

b. pink

c. green

d. blue

4. Which disease is caused by members of the genus Mycobacterium?

a. cholera

b. diabetes

c. leprosy

d. tetanus

5. An acid-fast stain is an example of a

a. simple stain.

b. negative stain.

c. structural stain.

d. differential stain.

6. Define the following term using the laboratory exercise or glossary:

Differential stain:

7.List each of the reagents used in an acid-fast stain, along with its purpose in the staining process.

8.Why is an acid-fast stain used so much less frequently than a Gram stain?

What pathways feed glycolysis in biological systems?

This is how it is written and all the information given.

Regarding biotechnology/biomanufacturing/cGMPs, what tools does the FDA utilize to assure compliance?

1. In humans, the autosomal gene allowing us to see the color blue (symbolized as B) is dominant over a
different version of the same gene (b) which causes us to be color blind for this color. A person with
normal vision will have the genotype
A) Bb
B) BB or bb
C) BB
D) BB or Bb
E) bb

2. Which of these cells can do meiosis in animals?
A) germ line cells
B) somatic cells
C) diploid cells
D) B and C above
E) A, B, and C above

3. The flowering plants (tulips, trees, grass, etc.) that you easily see are
A) examples of sporophytes
B) either gametophytes or sporophytes
C) examples of gametophytes
D) asexually reproducing organisms
E) A and D

4. Which BEST describes an allele of a gene?
A) they are recessive forms of a gene
B) they are dominant forms of a gene
C) they are a mutation of a genes
D) they are “wildtype” varieties of genes
E) they are the different versions of a gene found in populations

5. The starting generation of a series of crosses is called the generation.
A) A
B) P
C) F1
D) F2
E) H

Recently, the power of cloning to rescue endangered or extinct species was demonstrated by applying nuclear transfer methods to save the mouflon, a species of wild sheep (left half of figure). This result piqued a fair amount of general interest, because of its possible implications for the return of other, more exotic, species from the jaws of extinction (as pictured on the right). Suppose a wealthy investor came to you with a proposal to create a real-life Jurassic Park (naturally, with far more detailed strategy to contain the animals), asking for your scientific analysis of their plan to use SCNT to bring back dinosaurs.

a. Considering all of the materials and technical steps involved in the process of nuclear transfer, list three problems you envision will be encountered by their team of scientists.

b. Speculate on how a researcher might overcome each of the obstacles you identified in (a), or state why you feel they may be insurmountable.

c. Given your analysis in (a) and (b), briefly comment on whether you think that the wealthy investor’s plan is feasible.

• Question 10

  	Which of the following statements about biological nitrogen fixation is true?
  	Answers: a. It is a strictly aerobic process b. It is a strictly anaerobic process c. It is confined to symbiotic bacteria d. It is a process carried out by bacteria, fungi and algae e. It is a process exclusive to bacteria

• Question 11

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to anaerobic digestion?
  	Answers: a. Only animal wastes are suitable feedstocks b. It produces a biogas that cannot be upgraded to biomethane c. It can only process solid wastes d. It produces a biogas that can be upgraded to biomethane e. It can only be operated at very large scale

• Question 12

  	Methanogenic archaea can utilise:
  	Answers: a. nitrogen as substrate b. carbon dioxide and hydrogen as substrates c. amino acids as substrates d. alcohols as substrate e. glucose as substrate

• Question 13

  	The nitrogenase enzyme complex:
  	Answers: a. consists of a single protein b. cannot function in the presence of oxygen c. produces oxygen as a metabolic waste product d. can tolerate low concentrations of oxygen e. catalyzes nitrification

• Question 14

  	Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge:
  	Answers: a. Reduces the water content of the sludge b. Can be accomplished at retention times of less than 24 hours c. Is normally carried out in CSTR reactors d. Is normally carried out in UASB reactors e. Requires biomass granulation

• Question 15

  	In relation to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems, which of the following statements is true:
  	Answers: a. They can recover 70-80% of the energy content of the wastewater b. They require aeration c. They require CSTR reactors d. They produce >0.5 kg biomass m-3 wastewater treated day-1 e. They do not require enclosure

• Question 16

  	The following is true in relation to methanogenesis:
  	Answers: a. it only occurs in ruminants b. methanogens are bacteria c. it only occurs in aquatic environments d. it requires the cooperative action of a number of different microbial trophic groups e. it requires oxygen

• Question 17

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to microbial biofilms:
  	Answers: a. They are dependent on the presence of oxygen for growth b. They are composed of a community of microorganisms embedded in a polymer matrix c. They are composed exclusively of gram-negative bacteria d. They are normally associated with freshwater environments e. They are normally associated with anaerobic environments

• Question 18

  	Obligate hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria are often referred to as syntrophs becuase:
  	Answers: a. they grow in biofilms b. they are dependent on another organism for growth c. they produce methane and hydrogen as metabolic end products d. they convert acetate to carbon dioxide as a metabolic end products e. they ferment monomeric sugars

• Question 19

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to microbial biofilms?
  	Answers: a. Biofilms are mainly associated with photosynthesis b. Biofilms are associated with the occurrence of steep chemical and pH gradients over short distances c. Biofilms are composed of aerobic bacteria d. Biofilms are generally composed of one or two species e. Biofilms are defined by competition between different species

• Question 20

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to the carbon cycle:
  	Answers: a. Most primary production in terrestrial environments enters food webs b. Most primary production in aquatic environments occurs in sediments c. Most primary production in the ocean does not enter food webs d. Most primary production in aquatic environments occurs under anaerobic conditions e. Most primary production in the ocean enters food webs