Question

(1) Describe common types of endocrine and musculoskeletal system disorders: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments

(2)What is Hashimoto’s disease and what are its manifestations?

(3) Compare and contrast common endocrine and musculoskeletal conditions: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.

Answer 1

(1) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISORDER

the endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help controlling the many important functioning thats include - body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cell organs , Each gland of the the endocrine system release specific hormones into our bloodstream , and these hormones travels though our blood to other cells that helps in control or coordinating many body processes.

The cause of endocrine disorder are typically fall in the two category

1- Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone , that called a hormone imbalance

2- Endocrine disease due to the development of lesion ( such as nodules or tumor ) in the endocrine system , whuch may or may not be affect hormone level

These increased or decreased level of endocrine hormone may be caused by these followinng factors listed below;-

• problem with endiocrine feedback system
• infection
• tumor inside the endocrine gland
• some kind of injury in endocrine gland
• a genetic disorder
• failure of a gland to stimulate another gland to release hormones ,

There are many types of endocrine disorders , Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in the U.S , others endocrine disorders are as given below;-

Adrenal Insufficiency:-

The adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol and also aldosterone , The symptoms include ;- fatigue , dehydration, skin changes, stomach upset . Addison's disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency.

Cushing's disease ;-

Overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone leads to an adrenal gland to be overactive , A similar condition called Cushing's syndrome that may occur inpeople , particularly in children and those who are taking large high doses of corticosteroids medications,

Gigantism (acromegaly) and other growth hormone problems ;-

If the pituitary gland that produces too much growth hormone , then a child's bone and body parts may grow abnormally fast , if growth hormone level are too low then a child's growth of hight can stopped.

Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone , that leading to weight loss, fast heart rate ,nervousness and the sweating . The most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an auto immune disorder that called Graves's disease .

Hypothyroidism  

The thyroid gland some times does not produce enough thyroid hrmones then it leads to constipation , fatigue, depression , dry skin . The underactive gland can cause slowed development in the childs. some times they are congenital

Hypopituitarism:-

The pituitary gland release little or no hormones, It may causes by a numbers of different kind of diseases, women with this condition stop getting their periods,

Tests :- The symptoms are varied but most people complaint of fatigue and weakness

Blood and urine test could be done to check hornone level by which diagnosis be easier to do

Imaging test may be also done to help locate or pinpoint a nodule or tumor.

Treatment ;- The treatment is complicated , as a change in the hormone level can through off another . some medication which are hormonal based are useful in treating the disease .

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDER

The musculosketal disorder are the conditions that can affect our muscles , bones and joints . Some common musculoskelatal disorders are as listed below;-

• tendinitis
• osteoarthiritis
• fibromyalgia
• bone fractures
• rheumatoid arthiritis (RA)
• carpal tunnel syndrome

The symptoms of Musculoskeletal system disorders are ;- common symptoms are includes

• Stiff joints
• swelling
• recurrent joints
• dull aches

The disorders can affect any major ares of our musculoskeletal system including;-

• Neck
• wrist
• back
• shoulder
• legs
• knees
• feet

The cause of the musculosketal system disorders are ;-

• age
• activity level
• family history
• lifestyle changes
• occupation
• bad posture
• lifting heavy weight
• engaging in repetitive motions
• sitting in teh same position at acomputer every day .

The treatment plan based on teh diagnosis and teh severity of the symptoms , To address the occupational pain , they may suggest moderate exercise and the over counter medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen , and for the severe syptoms , they may practice medications to reduce inflammation and pain , in some cases also recommended occupational therpy and physical therapy or the both

(2) Hashimoto's disease is a conditionin which our immune system is attacks on throid , a small gland at the base of our neck below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland is a part of teh endocrine system , which produces hormones that coordinate many of our's body functions.

inflammation from HAshimoto's disease also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis , often leads to an underactive thyroid gland ( Hypothyroidism ) . Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism . It primarily affects middle aged women but can also occuring in themales and women women of age in children.

Symptoms are as below;-

• first sign is to notice swelling at teh front of our throat (goiter)
• fatigue and sluggishness
• constipation
• pale, dry skin
• hair loss
• unexplained weight gain
• brittle nails
• A puffy face
• increased sensitivity to cold
• muscle weakness
• Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding
• memory lapses
• depression
• Muscles aches , tenderness and stiffness