Question

What are the different shock types, causes, and clinical manifestations?

Answer 1

1. Hypovolemic shock

Causes :

• bleeding from serious cuts or wounds
• bleeding from blunt traumatic injuries due to accidents
• internal bleeding from abdominal organs or ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• bleeding from the digestive tract
• significant vaginal bleeding
• Endometriosis

Signs and symptoms   
  

• headache
• fatigue
• nausea
• profuse sweating
• dizziness
• cold or clammy skin
• pale skin
• rapid, shallow breathing
• rapid heart rate
• little or no urine output
• confusion
• weakness
• weak pulse
• blue lips and fingernails
• lightheadedness
• loss of consciousness

Cardiogenic shock

Causes

  

• sudden blockage of a blood vessel in the lung (pulmonary embolism)
• fluid buildup around the heart, reducing its filling capacity (pericardial tamponade)
• damage to the valves, allowing the backflow of blood (sudden valvular regurgitation)
• rupture of the wall of the heart due to increased pressure
• inability of heart muscle to work properly, or at all in some cases
• an arrhythmia in which the lower chambers fibrillate or quiver (ventricular fibrillation)
• an arrhythmia where the ventricles beat too fast (ventricular tachycardia)
  

Signs and symptoms   
   
  

• confusion and anxiety
• sweating and cold extremities, like fingers and toes
• rapid but weak heartbeat
• low or absent urinary output
• fatigue
• sudden shortness of breath
• fainting or dizziness
• coma, if measures aren’t taken in time to stop the shock
• chest pain, if preceded by a heart attack
  

Anaphylactic shock

Causes

  

• certain medications such as penicillin
• insect stings
• foods such as:
  • tree nuts
  • shellfish
  • milk
  • eggs
  • agents used in immunotherapy
  • latex
    

Signs and symptoms   

• skin reactions such as hives, flushed skin, or paleness
• suddenly feeling too warm
• feeling like you have a lump in your throat or difficulty swallowing
• nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
• abdominal pain
• a weak and rapid pulse
• runny nose and sneezing
• swollen tongue or lips
• wheezing or difficulty breathing
• a sense that something is wrong with your body
• tingling hands, feet, mouth, or scalp
  

Septic chock

Causes

• abdominal or digestive system infections
• lung infections like pneumonia
• urinary tract infection
• reproductive system infection

Signs and symptoms   
  

• fever usually higher than 101˚F (38˚C)
• low body temperature (hypothermia)
• fast heart rate
• rapid breathing
• acute confusion
• dizziness

Neurogenic shock

Causes

• car accidents that cause central nervous system damage or spinal cord injury
• sport injuries causing trauma to the spine
• gunshot wounds to the spine
• medications that affect the autonomic nervous system, which regulates breathing and other automatic bodily functions
• improper administration of anesthesia to the spinal cord
  

signs and symptoms   

• dizziness
• nausea
• vomiting
• blank stares
• fainting
• increased sweating
• anxiety
• pale skin
• difficulty breathing
• chest pain
• weakness from irregular blood circulation
• bradycardia, or a slower heart rhythm
• faint pulse
• cyanosis, or discolored lips and fingers
• hypothermia, or decreased body temperature