Question

(1) Compare and contrast common respiratory and integumentary disorders: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments

(3) What is lung cancer?

(4) What happens to the lungs during pneumonia?

Please try and use in note citations for references. SUBJECT TOPIC IS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Answer 1

1) Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases,are pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals. They include conditions of the respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleurae, pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of respiration. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, influenza, and pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer and severe acute respiratory syndromes.
Asthma,Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD),Chronic Bronchitis,Emphysema,Lung Cancer,Cystic fibrosis/Bronchiectasis,Pneumonia,Pleural Effusion.Whereas, the integumentary system is susceptible to a variety of diseases, disorders, and injuries. These range from annoying but relatively benign bacterial or fungal infections that are categorized as disorders, to skin cancer and severe burns, which can be fatal. In this section, you will learn several of the most common skin conditions.
Skin Disorders. Two common skin disorders are eczema and acne. Eczema is an inflammatory condition and occurs in individuals of all ages.Acne involves the clogging of pores, which can lead to infection and inflammation, and is often seen in adolescents.

Common causes of Respiratory Diseases: low immune functioning,adverse climatic conditions and intolerable air pollution,excessive exposure to smoke and other toxic materials,inappropriate development of lungs during childhood/before birth,presence of fungal, viral and bacterial infections.Whereas, integumentary
disorder that occurs primarily on the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms.This disorder can be caused by overactive oil glands that produce too much oil and plug pores of the skin.This can be caused by genetics, hormones, menstruation, stress and some medications.

Clinical Manifestations of common respiratory disorders include cough and phlegm often precede dyspnoea on exertion by many years. Other symptoms include wheezing and chest tightness. As the disease progresses and reaches the severe stages, fatigue, weight loss and anorexia may increase. To establish the diagnosis of COPD, lung function measurement by spirometry is necessary.Whereas clinical manifestations of integumentary disorders include fragile skin that blisters easily, especially on the hands and feet,nails that are thick or don't form,blisters inside the mouth and throat,thickened skin on the palms and soles of the feet,scalp blistering, scarring and hair loss (scarring alopecia),thin-appearing skin (atrophic scarring).
Diagnostic tests for Common Respiratory Disorder include these tests (called pulmonary function tests) are most helpful in determining the general type of lung disorder and determining the severity. Other tests, including additional chest imaging, bronchoscopy, and thoracoscopy, allow doctors to determine the specific cause of a lung disorder.Whereas,Diagnostic tests for Integumentary Disorders includes patch testing,biopsy,scrapings,examination by Wood light,tzanck testing,diascopy.
Pharmacological Treatment of Respiratory Disorders includes bronchodilators. These are the most frequently used inhaled medications,corticosteroids,mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE antibodies,leukotriene Receptor antagonists,antihistamines and epinephrine,pulmonary Surfactants,antimicrobials and antivirals,other Agents.Whereas,the pharmacological treatment of Integumentary disoders includes
Antifungal agents: Lamisil,lotrimin and nizoral are few examples of common topical antifungal drugs used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and athlete's foot. Benzoyl peroxide: Creams and other products containing benzoyl peroxide are used to treat acne.

3) Lung cancer is cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells that line the air passages. It is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.

There are two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These two types grow differently and are treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is the more common type.

4) The infection causes the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) to become inflamed and fill up with fluid or pus. That can make it hard for the oxygen you breathe in to get into your bloodstream. The symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and include cough, fever, chills, and trouble breathing.

Pathophysiology:-
There is an intricate balance between the organisms residing in the lower respiratory tract and the local and systemic defense mechanisms (both innate and acquired) which when disturbed gives rise to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, i.e., pneumonia. Common defense mechanisms that are compromised in the pathogenesis of pneumonia include:Systemic defense mechanisms like humoral and complement mediated immunity that is compromised in diseases like common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), X-linked agammaglobulinemia (inherited), and functional asplenia (acquired). Impaired cell-mediated immunity predisposes individuals to infection by intracellular organisms like viruses and organisms of low virulence like Pneumocystispneumonia (PJP), fungal causes, among others.The mucociliary clearance that is often impaired in cigarette smokers, post-viral state, Kartergerner syndrome, and other related conditions.Impaired cough reflex seen in comatose patients, certain substances of abuse.Accumulation of secretions as seen in cystic fibrosis or bronchial obstruction.The resident macrophages serve to protect the lung from foreign pathogens. Ironically, the inflammatory reaction triggered by these very macrophages is what is responsible for the histopathological and clinical findings seen in pneumonia. The macrophages engulf these pathogens and trigger signal molecules or cytokines like TNF-a, IL-8, and IL-1 that recruit inflammatory cells like neutrophils to the site of infection. They also serve to present these antigens to the T cells that trigger both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms, activate complement and form antibodies against these organisms. This, in turn, causes inflammation of the lung parenchyma and makes the lining capillaries "leaky," which leads to exudative congestion and underlines the pathogenesis of pneumonia.