Question

1 )Review the different types of immunity i.e. Innate immunity

2)Review the key components of the inflammatory process and its purpose

3)Review the differences between serous, purulent, hemorrhagic, and fibrinous exudates found at the site of an inflammatory response?

4)Understand the difference between leukotrienes from histamine.

5)Define the following terminology:

• Infectivity, Virulence, Pathogenicity, Portal of entry

6)Review who should get an influenza vaccine yearly

7)Define what is meant by a “superinfection”

8)Review parasites: What is a parasite, name examples of parasites, identify ways of diagnosing a parasite i.e lab work.

9)Review examples of bacterial infections i.e. sexually transmitted infections, skin and wound Infections, nosocomial infections (MRSA)

10)When discussing viruses, define what is meant by an antigenic drift.

These 10 will suffice if you can answer them for me please

Answer 1

1.

The immune system is complex and divided into the innate or nonspecific immunity and adaptive or specific immunity. There are 4 types of immunity. These include Active immunity, Passive immunity, Natural immunity, Artificial immunity. Innate immunity involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering our body. These barriers form the first line of defence in the immune response.

2.

The key components of the inflammatory process are as follows:

- Inflammation is initiated by immune inducers

- recognized by sensors on immune cells

- followed by the secretion of immune mediators

- finally, mediators elicit their effects on target tissues.

The inflammatory process is important because it is a vital part of the immunity system’s response to jury and infection. It is the body’s way of signalling the immune system to heal and repair damaged tissue, as well as defend itself against viruses and bacteria.

3.

Serous exudate – It is usually seen in mild inflammation with low protein. Its consistency resembles that of serum and can be seen in a certain disease like tuberculosis.

Purulent exudate – It consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with severe infections.

Hemorrhagic exudate – This type of exudate is bloody because of the large component of red blood cells released from ruptured blood vessels.

Fibrinous exudate – It is characterised of rheumatic carditis. It is often difficult to resolve due to blood vessels growing into the exudate and filling space that is occupied by fibrin.

4.

Histamine is stored in intracellular granules of basophils and is released following cell stimulation. Whereas Leukotrienes are not stored in the cells because Leukotrienes are produced from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase following IgE-dependent stimulation. The primary difference is in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, in the identification and frequency of the symptoms.

5.

Infectivity- It is the ability of parasites to infect hosts and is based on parasite strategies to overcome detection or reconnaissance by the host.

Virulence- It is defined as the relative ability of a microorganism to overcome host defences or the degree of pathogenicity within a group of species.

Pathogenicity – It is the ability of an organism to cause disease. This ability represents a genetic component of the pathogen and the overt damage done to the host is a property of the host-pathogen interactions.

The portal of entry- It refers to the manner in which the pathogen enters a susceptible host. It must provide access to tissues in which the pathogen can multiply or toxin can act.

6.

Annual influenza vaccination is appropriate for everyone 6 months and older, including the healthiest adults. It is especially important for people at high risk of serious influenza complications or people who live with or care for people at higher risk for serious complications.

7.

Superinfection is defined as an additional infection that happens during or immediately after an existing infection. The most common example of superinfection is having an ear infection caused by microorganisms which are resistant to the antibiotics taken for a recent throat infection.

8. A parasite is a plant or an animal organism that lives in or on another and takes nourishment from that other organism. Parasitic diseases include infections that are due to protozoa, helminths or arthropods. Malaria is caused by parasitic protozoa.

Examples- tapeworms, fleas, barnacles

Ways of diagnosing a parasite are:

- Fecal aka Ova and Parasite testing

-PCR (Parasite DNA) Testing

-Saliva Test

-Serology blood test

-Blood smear

Endoscopy or colonoscopy.

9.

Sexually transmitted disease :

-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

-Gonorrhea

-Pelvic Inflammatory disease

-Genital Warts and Human Papillomavirus

-Genital Herpes

-Syphilis.

Examples of skin and wound infections:

Skin:

-Ringworm

-Athlete’s foot

Wound:

-Redness or discolouration

-Swelling

-Warmth

-Plain, tenderness

-Scaling, itching

-Pustules, pus drainage.

Examples of nosocomial infections:

-Urinary tract infections

-Respiratory pneumonia

-Surgical site wound infections

-Bacteremia

-Gastrointestinal and skin infections.

10.

One way influenza viruses change is called antigenic drift. These are small changes in the genes of influenza viruses that can lead to changes in the surface protein of the virus. Antigenic drift is a random genetic mutation of an infectious agent resulting in minor changes in a protein called antigens, which stimulate the production of antibodies by the immune systems of human and animal.