Question

· Diabetes Mellitus Type II

· Explain the pathophysiology of the disease

· Discuss common clinical manifestations

· List differential diagnoses

· Determine which lab tests would confirm the diagnosis and expected results

· Analyze a current protocol for treatment and discuss how the treatment works from the pathophysiological perspective

Answer 1

Insulin resistance ( body cells donot utilize the insulin to decrease the blood sugar ) and weakened insulin secretion leads to type 2 diabetes,which is the common form of diabetes.

Pathophysiology :

Life style changes (lack of exercise), Consumption of more fat intake ,stress ,genetic factors,obesity all leads to insulin resistance and decreased secretion of insulin. Insulin helps control blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver and muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood but as insulin resistance is present ,the glucose absorption is diminished leading to Hyperglycemia leading to insufficiency of insulin action known as TYPE 2 Diabetes mellitus.Hyperglycemia for long time leads to peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, eye problems

Clinical manifestations:

• Fatigue
• Polydipsia
• Polyuria
• Irritability
• Blurred vision
• Numbness in hands & feet
• Poor healing of wounds
• Vaginal infections (yeast)

Differential diagnoses:

• Risk for fluid volume deficit and electrolyte imbalances related to polyuria as evidenced by poor skin turgor
• Imbalanced nutritional status related to imbalance of food intake and insulin secretion evidenced by weight loss
• Anxiety related to misinformation about diabetes and its complications
• Risk for infection related to increased blood sugar and poor healing

Lab tests:

• Blood glucose levels(FBS, PPBS)
• HbA1c
• Urine test for glucose and ketones

Treatment:

• Dietary modifications
• Encouragement for doing exercises
• Meditation
• alpha glycosidase inhibitors
• Biguanides
• DPP-4 inhibitors.