Question

Give an explanation of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Describe the differences and similarities between resulting alterations of hormonal regulation. Then explain how the two factors (genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior) selected might impact the diagnosis and prescription of treatment for these two types of diabetes

Answer 1

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETES MELLITUS:-

It is a type of disorder of pancreas in which the immune system attacks on the insulin producing cells of pancreas, Thus produces the deficiency of insulin in the body. Diabetes mellitus is of two types and both have different pathophysiology as under:

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE-1:- In this there is a complete insulin deficiency due to destruction of beta cells of pancreas. It is also termed as Auto-immune disorder and in this disease anti-insulin and anti-islet cells antibodies production increased in the blood circulation.

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE-2:- In this there is a relative deficiency of insulin not a complete deficiency, as the body is unable to produce enough insulin to meet the body requirements. It may be due to some changes or alterations in insulin receptors in the body.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS:- It is a kind of disorder of Pituitary Gland, in this there is hyposecretion of ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) also known as Vasopressin which produced in the Hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland. It may occur due to any stroke, trauma or some idiopathic reasons. This hyposecretion of ADH leads to failure of tubular reabsorption of water in kidneys and diuresis.

DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ALTERATIONS OF HORMONAL REGULATION:-

SIMILARITIES:- In both of the disease following similarities are seen:-

• In both disease the alteration in hormonal balance leads to increased thirst, increased hunger, excessive urination and headache.
• Both disease are non- curable only life style modification needs.
• Treatment for both the disease is insulin therapy.

DIFFERENCES:- Differences present in both are as follows:-

• Diabetes insipidus is Disorder of Pituitary Gland whereas Diabetes Mellitus is disorder of Pancreas.
• Diabetes mellitus leads to impairment in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and lipid whereas in Diabetes Insipidus there is functional impairment of kidneys resulting in failure of tubular reabsorption of water in kidneys and diuresis.

HOW THE OTHER FACTORS IMPACT THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF BOTH DISEASE:-

ACCORDING TO GENDER: Body fat distribution is more in Females than in males thus leads to obesity more in females, thus predicated at higher risk of diabetes than males.

• BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE: Women have high prevalance and activity of brown adipose tissue which is usually compared as in males, thus according to this higher imapct of Brown Adipose Tissue leads to lower risk of diabetes in females.
• IMBALANCE OF SEXUAL HORMONES:- The sexual hormones imblance occur more commonly in females than in males due to puberty, menstural cycles, menopausal effects thus it increases the risk of diabetes in females than males.

All the above factors contribute combinely with the risk of developing diabetes in males and females.

ACCORDING TO AGE:- Increase in age reduces or alter the secretion activity of pancreas as well as exocrine glands thus leads to imbalance between the glands, and increases the risk of endocrine disorders such as diabetes.

• Increase in age also produces hormonal imbalances which also contribute towards the disease process.
• Also Juveline diabtes occur in early stages of life, but it doesn't occur in adults.