Question

essay on pancreatic cancer Explain the pathophysiology of the disease Discuss common clinical manifestations List differential diagnoses Determine which lab tests would confirm the diagnosis and expected results Analyze a current protocol for treatment and discuss how the treatment works from the pathophysiological perspective

Answer 1

Essay on pancreatic cancer: The pancreatic cancer is the cancer of the pancreas and it is very severe it results in pain in the abdominal area we will see redness, pain and vomiting and sudden weight loss, and the cancerous cells form in the tissues of the pancreas, the precancerous lesion are seen they are of 4 types and they are 1) pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: these are seen in the autopises of dead people with no cancer, 2)intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: these are macroscopic lesions, these have ability to convert into invasive cancer,3) third pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms mainly seen in women it remain benign and when they are grown bigger then the symptoms are seen, 4) intraductal tubulopapillary pancreas: these become invasive,the pancreatic cancer typically metastasizes to lymph nodes, liver , lungs and surrounding viscera, the clinical manifestation are early clinical diagnosis difficult due to nonspecific symptoms and subtle in onset, they typically present as gradual onset of nonspecific symptoms such as anorexia, malaise, nausea, fatigue, and midepigastric or back pain and ssignificant weight loss and midepigastric pain is most common oresenting symptoms and more at night and increased by food intake and lying flat often radiate to midback or lower back, differential diagnosis: retroperitoneal mass / tumor, and advanced adherent CA stomach, chronic pancreatitiss, bile duct stricture,lab examination:a) hematological investigations:CBC, Liver function test, serum amylase /lipase, b) serological investigations:carbohydrate antigen test, c) Radiological investigations: computed tomography scan, transcutaneous ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonant imaging, d) needle aspiration: these all investigation are useful in the diagnosis of the pancreatic cancer and they staging,treatment : surgery; it is primary mode of the treatment and chemotherapy;it is a adjuvant therapy, palliative therapy, in surgery typically extrapancreatic disease,whipple procedure indicated for periampullary tumors etcdepending on the extent of the tumour the surgery may be total pancreatectomy, distall pancreatectomy, Roux en y choledochojejunostomy, and chemoradiotherrapy is indicated in advanced irresectable / metastatic pancreatic caner, palliative therapy: in pain nacrotic analegsics used and neurlysis of celiac ganglion if refactory pain.depending upon the pathophysiology the treatment is successfully planned.