Identify five product, structure or system designs you think can be improved. For your initial post, pick one of the five and write a preliminary problem statement for the engineering design process.

1) Describe how you can use measurements of stream height (stage) to estimate discharge and what pieces you need to do so. (I’m looking for you to describe both the curve and one method for making discharge measurements)

2) If a flood occurs and erodes the channel where we are measuring stage, can we still use the same relationship between stage and discharge? Why or why not?

In the year 2015, leaders from 193 countries of the world gathered and moderated by the United Nation and finally summarized that there are 17 goals for the world to be achieved in 2030 named as UNDP Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) towards 2030.

1. Explains 5 (five) of the goals with the examples that important to be in line with engineering profession which you can contribute in your career after graduation.

THIS IS THE LINK FOR 17 GOAL.

https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/brochure/SDGs_Booklet_Web_En.pdf

Pick two of the five assumptions that are required to apply the unit hydrograph to a watershed. For each assumption, state what it is, describe it, and give an example of how that assumption might be violated in the real world.

A) what is the difference between BOD vs COD and sBOD vs sCOD ?

B) Explain the application of using TBOD, sBOD, sCOD and TCOD.

C) which measurement should be used to evaluate or make sure that the process is working properly: i) Primary treatment ii) Secondary treatment with clarifier iii) secondary treatment with membrance

A Sample of coarse grained soil tested in the laboratory. The gradation analysis results are as shown
in the table below.
Sieve Size
(mm)
Mass retained on
each sieve (g)
4.75 0
2.00 40
0.850 60
0.425 89
0.250 140
0.180 122
0.150 210
0.075 56
Pan 12
Classify the soil according to Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

The City of Columbus recently issued an NPDES permit to a beer brewery discharging wastewater at a flowrate of 0.15 m³/sec into Buckeye Creek (flowrate = 0.25 m³/sec), such that BOD₅ of immediately after discharge must not exceed 2.5 mg/L. Upstream of the discharge, BOD₅ in Buckeye Creek was measured at 1.5 mg/L. BOD decay rate constants were measured separately for the upstream creek (k = 2 d^-1), the wastewater effluent (k = 0.2 d^-1), and the downstream creek after mixing (k = 0.5 d^-1).

1. What would be the ultimate BOD of Buckeye Creek immediately upstream and downstream of the wastewater discharge, assuming the brewery meets the permitted BOD₅?
2. What would be the wastewater’s maximum ultimate BOD to meet the NPDES permit limits?
3. If this discharge caused an initial dissolved oxygen deficit in the stream of 2 mg/L, what would be the oxygen deficit at the critical point?

finite element problem

Tapered bar subjected to variable axial distributed load A Titanium tapered bar of 25 in. length has a variable cross-sectional area that decreases linearly from 20 in2 to 10 in2 . It is fixed at one end and subjected to an axial concentrated force F = 100 kip at the free end, as shown in the following figure. It’s also subjected to a linearly axial distributed load of variable intensity ?(?) = 0.1 (1 − ? ? ) kip/in. The problem is considered as one dimensional, and the aim of this project is to find, using Finite Element Method, the displacement ?(?) at any position on the x-axis.

The differential equation governing this elastic bars problem is given by: − ? ?? (??(?) ?? ??) − ?(?) = 0 ; 0 < ? < ? Where ? is the Titanium’s Young Modulus of 16. 106 ???; ?(?) is the variable cross-sectional area; and ?(?) is the intensity of the axial distributed load.

Part A: a) Give the expression of the differential equation governing this problem as a function of ?;

b) Give the approximate functions for a quadtratic element;

c) Give the elementary stifness matrix for a quadtratic element;

d) Give the elementary load vector for a quadtratic element;

Part B: We’ll calculate the displacement using a Finite Element Model of one quadratic element.

a) Give the elementary stiffness matrix of the element representing the whole bar

b) Give the elementary load vector of the element representing the whole bar;

c) Give the global matrix form of the Finite Element Model;

d) Give the boundary conditions on the nodal variables (primary as well as secondary variables)

e) Give the condensed equations of the Finite Element Model;

f) Calculate the displacements at ? = ? and ? = ? /2

g) Using the approximation functions, calculate the displacements at ? = ?/ 4 and ? = 3?/ 4

Part C: We’ll calculate the displacement using a Finite Element Model of two quadratic elements.

a) Give the elementary stiffness matrix of each element;

b) Give the elementary load vector of each element;

c) Give the global Matrix Form of the Finite Element Model;

d) Give the boundary conditions on the nodal variables (primary as well as secondary variables);

e) Give the condensed equations of the Finite Element Model;

f) Calculate the displacement at ? = ? /4 ; ? = ? /2 ; ? = 3? /4 and ? = ?..

Design an aeration tank for activated sludge wastewater treatment designed to meet an effluent standard of 10 mg/L BOD₅. The flow from the primary effluent is 10 m³/min with a primary effluent BOD₅ of 250 mg/L. The design calls for the suspended solids to equal 3500 mg/L for an SRT of 5 days. The decay rate constant is 0.03 day^-1 and the yield is 0.75 mg/mg. Determine:

1. the tank volume required to meet these specifications,
2. the resulting mass of sludge wasted each day (kg/day), and
3. the F/M ratio.

A 300 kN point load is applied to a soil profile that consists of 7 meters of sand (γt = 19 kN/m3) above 4 meters of clay (γt = 17.5kN/m3) with the groundwater table at a depth of 5 meters. The clay has an OCR = 1.6, an initial void ratio of 0.86, a Cc=0.64 and a Cr=0.12. The sand has a Cc = 0.35 and an initial void ratio of 0.68. Calculate the overall settlement of the profile due to the application of the point load.

Sketch example stress strain curves for the following material properties (2 curves on each graph):

Graph 1: Brittle and Ductile
Graph 2: strong and weak (relative)
Graph 3: Non-linear and linear material

problem 4.8 a five meter retaining wall has to retain backfill of sandy soil having a unit weight 18.2 kn/m3 and angle of internal friction 32 degree,the surface of the backfill in inclined at an angle of 10 degree to the horizontal determine:the magnitude and point of application of the active thrust on the wall,draw a diagram of given situation ,and determine total active earth pressure acting with vertical or with horizontal.

please provide neat and clean solution ..

Discuss the theories behind the following methods of structural analysis. Use appropriate diagrams.

1. Elastic analysis second order
2. Finite element analysis analysis

(a)
At a reclamation site, a 6-m thick sand layer overlies a 5.8-m thick clay layer, which is underlain by impermeable rock stratum. The water level is initially 2.5 m above the ground surface. The saturated unit weights of sand and clay are 19 kN/m3 and 17 kN/m3, respectively. A 5-m thick layer of fill will be placed on the original ground surface, and the unit weights of fill are 19 kN/m3 and 20 kN/m3 above and below water table, respectively. Determine the water pressures and effective vertical stresses at the middle of clay layer (i) immediately after the fill is placed, and (ii) many years after the fill is placed.
(b)
Following part (a), the clay has an initial void ratio of 1.02, with compression index (Cc) of 0.34 and recompression/expansion index (Ce) of 0.073. It is also found to be overconsolidated, with OCR of 1.23 throughout the entire layer.
i. Making use of results from part (a) and considering stresses at the middle of clay layer, determine the final consolidation settlements of the clay.
ii. Assuming instantaneous loading (no need to correct for construction time), estimate the consolidation settlements after 12 months and 36 months, if the coefficient of consolidation (cv) equals 1.5 m2/year.
iii. Now consider the necessary correction for a construction period of 10 months. Counting from start of fill placement, how long does it take for 65% consolidation to complete?
iv. For the corresponding stress range, what will be the equivalent value of coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) in m2/MN?

A layer of saturated cohesive soil (16m deep) has a water content of 46 % , and the specific gravity of solid particles of the soil is 2.65. Unit weight of water is 9.81 kN/m³

^Determine

volume of air, weight of water (Ww) in terms of weight of solid, volume of water (Vw) in terms of weight of solid, volume of solid in terms of weight of solid (W_s), weight of water, Assume total volume of soil is 1m³. Determine the weight of solid (W_s) , weight of water in KN and bulk unit weight of soil