What is spermatogenesis? In what specific structure does this occur? What is oogenesis? What is another function of both the ovary and testis?

What is gluconeogenesis? What reactants are used? What is the product?

Discuss ALL of the steps involved in the excitation and contraction of a myofiber, in correct order. Start with the arrival of the first action potential at the axon terminal, and end with the active transport of Ca+2 into the SR. You may use outline/ bulleted list/ flow chart formats if you prefer.  

Daniel Purcel was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus when he was 12 years old. He is now a nursing student. He has managed to control his diabetes throughout school. However, when he began his clinicals, his regular schedule of meals and insulin injections was completely disrupted. One morning, Daniel completely forgot to take his insulin. At 7am he drank orange juice and ate two doughnuts. At 8am he drank more juice because he was very thirsty. He mentioned to a fellow student that he felt confused, weak, and that his heart was racing. At 9:06 am, he fell unconscious. He was transferred immediately to the emergency room, where the following information was obtained:

Blood pressure: 90/40
Pulse: 130, regular, strong
Respirations: 32, regular rhythm, deep, labored (“Kussmaul”) Plasma glucose: 560 mg/dL (normal fasting 70-110 mg/dL) Plasma HCO3-: 8 mEq/L (normal 24 mEq/L)
Plasma ketones: ++ (normal none)
Arterial PO2: 112 mmHg (normal 100 mmHg)
Arterial PCO2: 20 mmHg (normal 40 mmHg)
Arterial pH: 7.22

The physician determined that Daniel was in diabetic ketoacidosis. He was given an intravenous infusion of isotonic saline and insulin. Later, after his blood glucose had decreased to 175 mg/dL, glucose was added to the infusion. Daniel stayed in the hospital overnight. By the next morning, his blood glucose, electrolytes, and blood gas values were normal.

Questions:

18.Which acid-base disorder did Daniel have? What caused it? Why did he present with Kussmaul respirations? Explain these all in the context of the laboratory test results.

19.How did Daniel’s failure to take insulin cause this acid-base disorder?

20.Explain Daniel’s thirst, low blood pressure, tachycardia, confusion, and weakness.

21.Explain the basis for the treatments provided (saline, insulin, and glucose).

Which of the paleoenvironment hypotheses have been used to describe early hominin diversity, and which have been used to describe bipedalism?

When you eat a candy bar, the sugar is absorbed into your blood, and as a result, insulin is released to lower your blood sugar. This is an example of:

a. negative feedback because the response amplifies the change.
    b.   positive feedback because the response amplifies the change.
    c.   negative feedback because the response opposes the change.
    d.   positive feedback because the response opposes the change.
    e.   positive feedback because it has a positive outcome and is beneficial to body homeostasis.

Question 71 (1 point)

All action potentials are the same size.

Question 71 options:

Question 72

Parkinson's Disease is a pituitary disorder.

Question 72 options:

Question 75

PTH stimulates osteoblasts.

Question 75 options:

Question 76

People with myopia have difficulty focusing on objects that are far away.

Question 76 options:

Question 77

Hydroxyapatite is formed from potassium and calcium.

Question 77 options:

Please answer all questions.

2- Please describe the nine regions of the abdomen.

Peristalsis (mass movement) of large intestine following a meal is due to _____ reflex

1. a.	enterogastric
   	b.	gastroileal
   	c.	gastrocolic

1. Which of the following are upregulated by parasympathetic stimulation?

   		Heart rate
   		Digestion
   		Breathing rate
   		Sperm production

2 points   

QUESTION 23

1. Which of the following symptoms could be caused by a heart defect?

   		Low urine production
   		Inability to get or maintain an erection
   		Failure to ovulate
   		Rapid breathing

2 points   

QUESTION 24

1. Thyroxins are the thyroid hormones that control metabolic rate. Which of the following do you expect to occur in someone who has hyperthyroidism?

   		Increase BP
   		Decreased urination
   		Hunger
   		Decreased nutrient absorption

For each of the following situations, describe the effect on blood pressure and the physiological basis of the response: A). Being attacked by a mugger B). Addison’s disease C). Diabetes insipidus

Two patients, both in respiratory distress, present to your hospital when you have only a single ventilator available. Each has a history of emphysema and each wants “everything possible done.” Results of ABG testing of the first patient show PO2 = 68 mmHg, PCO2 = 58 mmHg, and HCO3– = 22 mEq/L. Results for the second patient are PO2 = 59 mmHg, PCO2 = 75 mmHg, and HCO3– = 38 mEq/L. All else being equal and based purely on ABG analysis, which patient should get the ventilator?

The action(s) of aldosterone is (are) to

promote renal reabsorption of water.

promote renal excretion of potassium.

promote renal reabsorption of sodium.

All apply.

Because of _______________, renin is released by _____________. Select one: a. ADH activity; mesangial cells b. systemic blood pressure increases; granular cells c. aldosterone activity; macula densa d. systemic blood pressure decreases; granular cells