Multiple sclerosis is a condition that affects the central nervous system. In this assignment, you will explore this condition in more detail using the scenario below.

Scenario:
A friend of yours discloses that he was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Being the caring friend you are, you wish to know more about the condition and how you can best support your friend. You decide to research this disease further.

To complete this assignment, do the following:

1. Research this disease using a minimum of 2 sources. You can use your textbook for one of the sources. Choose the remaining source(s) from the GALE Virtual Reference Library provided on the Structure and Function of the Human Body library guide page.
2. In a minimum of 2 pages (not counting the references page), address the following:
   • Explain how multiple sclerosis affects the nervous system.
   • Describe the treatment options that are available for your friend.
   • State whether it was possible for your friend to have prevented this condition.
3. Include a references page at the end of your document, formatted using the APA guidelines, that lists your research sources. include 2 sources.

Construct a table that illustrates the structure and function of the glycocalyx, ECM, 3 types of cytoskeletal elements, and the 3 types of cell-cell junctions. In the table include the specific macromolecules that make up these structures, specific properties these structures give to the cell or tissue. Give one example of a tissue or cell whose properties depend on each of these structures.

In Chapter 5, our Rizzo Anatomy & Physiology textbook describes the 4 main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Chapter 5 also gives examples, with detailed diagrams and descriptions, of each tissue type. Choose one example and describe how its size, shape and structure allow it to perform its functions. Also, describe how a weakness or failure in some part of your example's size, shape or structure would harm the tissue's ability to perform its function(s). There should be enough information in Chapter 5 of the Rizzo e-textbook, but if you wish to consult outside scientific sources that is acceptable.

Describe the lines of defense associated with the immune system. Your description should include:

1. Four examples of anatomical barriers

2. Three of the primary mediators of inflammation

3. Names and brief descriptions of the four features that the specific immune system exhibits  

4. Name the two cell types known as lymphocytes and name their origin and maturation locations.   

5. Then, indicate how the cell mediated response (T cells) is activated.

Descriptions of each major types of epidemiologic study:

- randomized controlled trial,

- cohort,

- case-control

Strengths for 2 Strengths

weaknesses 2 weaknesses

Match the following descriptions to the correct branch of the nervous system. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Use A = Sympathetic and B = Parasympathetic

* Exercise

*Increases production of stomach acid

*Orgasm in women

* Glycogenolysis

* Decreases urine production

* Diaphoresis

* Increases insulin release

A patient presents complaining of weakness and mild pain at the right (R) elbow on the lateral side. The pain is limiting functional activity, in particular activities that involve gripping and turning.

a) Considering the types of skills and the specific tests for elbow structures, outline how you would go about differentiating the contribution of the elbow joints and the relevant muscles to causing this impairment, indicating which tests you could use and what information you would gain from performing them.

b) In relation to the pain with gripping experienced by this patient, list the two (2) types of prehension and for each give examples and descriptions of two (2) different grips.

Identify/List descriptions, characteristics, and examples of the following: fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial joints.

Evaluation of oxygenation adequacy involves evaluating:

a. hemoglobin concentration and PCO₂ blood value

b. blood PO₂ and blood PCO₂ values

c. blood PO₂ and pH to determine the peripheral release of oxygen

d. hemoglobin concentration and saturation percent and blood flow

e. none of the above

Acid-Base Balance

As the rate of H+ and/or PCO2 production changes in the body, what “system” acts the quickest to stabilize pH and minimize the magnitude of such changes?

Give 3 examples of substances that comprise this “system”.

Why does the blood pH change when the blood PCO2 is changed? (you should know the chemical equation that describes this relationship)

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE an increase in PCO2.

What would such a condition be called?

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE a decrease in PCO2.

What would such a condition be called?

As PCO2 of the blood decreases, what happens to the urine H+ concentration as kidneys compensate for this change? (increase, decrease, or no change)

Explain what the kidneys are doing that makes the H+ concentration change in this manner, and how this change acts as a compensation to the decreasing PCO2.

As PCO2 of the blood decreases, what happens to the urine HCO3- concentration?

Explain what the kidneys are doing that makes the HCO3- concentration change in this manner, and how this change acts as a compensation to the decreasing PCO2.

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE a decrease in [H+] DIRECTLY (without causing a change in PCO2 first).

What would such a condition be called?

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE an increase in [H+] DIRECTLY (without causing a change in PCO2 first).

What would such a condition be called?

If the root cause of the H+ concentration changes is an abnormality of the kidneys, how might the respiratory system respond to:

a. an increasing H+ concentration.

b. a decrease in H+ concentration.

Describe the condition and causes of cholelithiasis. What are three possible treatments for this condition? How would a patient's diet affect this condition? please 230- 250 word discussion no plagiarism please use medical terminology

Use the Guiding Principles document provided in the main menu. Select 3 guiding principles and explain how they can be applied to the digestive system. For each of them, provide specific examples of structures or physiological processes that exemplify the principle.

Please provide 3 detailed paragraphs, one for each. Thanks

Guiding Principles of A&P

• Cells form the foundation of body structure and function

• The body is organized into a hierarchy of increasing complexity

• Body systems are functionally integrated

• Structure and function are closely related

• Rela7vely stable internal conditions are maintained despite changing external conditions

• Informa7on flow coordinates body functions

• Energy input is needed to sustain life

A 150 lb., 63-year-old man is experiencing exertional dyspnea, shortness of breath, mild cyanosis, and marked slowing of forced expiration. He is chronically fatigued from the action of breathing and appears to have a "barrel chest." In addition, he has been a smoker for 40 years. The doctor describes his condition as a "progressive disease that directly affects the site of gas exchange in his lungs."

What treatments would you recommend for this patient?