Evaluation of oxygenation adequacy involves evaluating:

a. hemoglobin concentration and PCO₂ blood value

b. blood PO₂ and blood PCO₂ values

c. blood PO₂ and pH to determine the peripheral release of oxygen

d. hemoglobin concentration and saturation percent and blood flow

e. none of the above

Acid-Base Balance

As the rate of H+ and/or PCO2 production changes in the body, what “system” acts the quickest to stabilize pH and minimize the magnitude of such changes?

Give 3 examples of substances that comprise this “system”.

Why does the blood pH change when the blood PCO2 is changed? (you should know the chemical equation that describes this relationship)

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE an increase in PCO2.

What would such a condition be called?

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE a decrease in PCO2.

What would such a condition be called?

As PCO2 of the blood decreases, what happens to the urine H+ concentration as kidneys compensate for this change? (increase, decrease, or no change)

Explain what the kidneys are doing that makes the H+ concentration change in this manner, and how this change acts as a compensation to the decreasing PCO2.

As PCO2 of the blood decreases, what happens to the urine HCO3- concentration?

Explain what the kidneys are doing that makes the HCO3- concentration change in this manner, and how this change acts as a compensation to the decreasing PCO2.

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE a decrease in [H+] DIRECTLY (without causing a change in PCO2 first).

What would such a condition be called?

Give an example of the kind of physiological change that would CAUSE an increase in [H+] DIRECTLY (without causing a change in PCO2 first).

What would such a condition be called?

If the root cause of the H+ concentration changes is an abnormality of the kidneys, how might the respiratory system respond to:

a. an increasing H+ concentration.

b. a decrease in H+ concentration.

Describe the condition and causes of cholelithiasis. What are three possible treatments for this condition? How would a patient's diet affect this condition? please 230- 250 word discussion no plagiarism please use medical terminology

Use the Guiding Principles document provided in the main menu. Select 3 guiding principles and explain how they can be applied to the digestive system. For each of them, provide specific examples of structures or physiological processes that exemplify the principle.

Please provide 3 detailed paragraphs, one for each. Thanks

Guiding Principles of A&P

• Cells form the foundation of body structure and function

• The body is organized into a hierarchy of increasing complexity

• Body systems are functionally integrated

• Structure and function are closely related

• Rela7vely stable internal conditions are maintained despite changing external conditions

• Informa7on flow coordinates body functions

• Energy input is needed to sustain life

A 150 lb., 63-year-old man is experiencing exertional dyspnea, shortness of breath, mild cyanosis, and marked slowing of forced expiration. He is chronically fatigued from the action of breathing and appears to have a "barrel chest." In addition, he has been a smoker for 40 years. The doctor describes his condition as a "progressive disease that directly affects the site of gas exchange in his lungs."

What treatments would you recommend for this patient?

If a rat required a high rate of insulin infusion to maintain a specific blood glucose level, you can conclude that it is.....

a) non-sensitive to insulin

b) sensitive to insulin

In a patient with ___________ an infusion of ________ saline could be therapeutic or helpful. A. hypernatremia, hypertonic B. hyponatremia, hypertonic C. hyponatremia, hypotonic

Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can both cause decreased excitability (of excitable cells). A. True B. False

The way hypokalemia and hyperkalemia affect excitability is both cause Na+ channels to remain inactivated for a prolonged (or a long) time. A. True B. False

Blood vessel spasms following injury are stimulated by. Ans choice A: release of heparin from eosinophils B: the formation of fibrin clots C: serotonin release from platelets D: all of the above

A 21-year-old male visits with his family doctor at the urging of his parents when home for Spring Break. The parents are concerned because their son has lost a significant amount of weight. The young man is concerned because he is experiencing a heart rate of 120bpm while at rest and much higher when exercising. Additionally, his blood pressure averages 137/82 based upon four recordings. He has a recurring headache, tremors in his hands and suffers dyspnea.

This individual has been generally health for his entire life, eats a reasonably good diet and is very active, thus the above symptoms are concerning. Standard blood tests show normal levels of blood cells, however there is an elevated amount of metadrenalines (metabolite by-product of adrenaline) and the urinalysis also shows an elevated amount of metabolites of catecholamines. The physician then orders a 24-hour urine test where the patient collects urine at regular intervals for a 24-hour period. The patient is warned to avoid stimulants such as cocoa and caffeine during this time period. The results of this test confirm elevated metabolites of catecholamines. The physician suspects a condition called pheochromocytoma, which is a (usually) non-cancerous tumor of the adrenal gland. This tumor causes the excess secretion of catecholamines. To confirm this suspicion, the physician orders a specialized type of CT scan, called MBIG. This type of scan utilizes radioactive iodine as a contrast agent for visualization of masses as described above. A sample of MIBG results is shown below:

The MIBG confirms the presence of a tumor on the adrenal gland and the young man is scheduled for surgery to remove the mass. It is non-cancerous and he resumes his life. As a side note, current estimates are that only about 10% of adrenal tumors are cancerous

7. What is normal heart rate and blood pressure for a healthy, active 21-year-old male? How do the heart rate and blood pressure of this patient compare? Explain the mechanism by which catecholamines modify blood pressure. (2 pts)