Which of the following occurs in photoreceptors when they are exposed to the appropriate wavelength of light?

Define hypoventilation and hyperventilation. Identify the pH imbalances that result from each of these two conditions and explain the relationship between PCO2 and pH. Explain how changes in pulmonary ventilation can correct for pH imbalances such as acidosis and alkalosis in a patient.

What happens to the cardiovascular system and associated organs during Acute Coronary Syndrome?

What is happening to the Myocardium during Acute Coronary Syndrome?

1. List the 3 processes of Cellular Respiration in order.
A.
B.
C.

2. Where in the cell does each of the following occur?

Electron Transport:

Glycolysis:

Krebs Cycle:

3. Which process(es) requires Oxygen?


4. Which process(es) does not require Oxygen?


5. How much ATP is used for Glycolysis?


6. How much net ATP is made during Glycolysis?


7. Which of the 3 processes makes NADH?


8. Which of the 3 processes makes FADH2?



9. Which of the 3 processes makes CO2?



10. In no more than one sentence, what is the purpose of oxygen in cellular respiration?



11. What is the purpose of ATP Synthase?


12. What are the starting materials or reactants of Cellular Respiration?




13. What are the end materials or products of Cellular Respiration?




14. What is the product formed at the end of glycolysis?



15. What is the Net total of ATP made during Krebs Cycle?




16. What is the Net total of ATP made during Glycolysis?




17. What is the Net total of ATP made during Electron Transport?



18. What is the Net total of ATP made during the entire process of Cellular Respiration?



19. What are the super molecules NADH and FADH2 needed for?






20. Which of the 3 processes will NADH and FADH2 be utilized?

1. Explain the concept of contralateral organization of the motor system and describe at least one source of experimental evidence that supports this idea. ​​​​​​

Which of the following statements about the basal ganglia and Parkinson’s disease is FALSE?

explain 3 ways that cardiac output and total peripheral resistance are altered to affect blood pressure.

   A) Define these terms. Don’t just explain the abbreviation. Give a functional definition.

IRV

TV

ERV

RV

IV

FRC

VC

TLC

B) Give one way of calculating each of the following:

TLC =

VC =

IC =

FRC =

C) TLC = 6500 VC = 5000 Find RV.

   TLC = 6500   IC = 3500 Find FRC.

   TLC = 6500   RV = 1200 Find VC.

   IC = 3500 TV = 600 Find IRV.

FRC = 2300 RV = 1200 Find ERV.

D) The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his IC is 3200 and his RV is 1000, calculate his ERV and FRC.

TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000 Calculate the FRC and RV?

   VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV = 1000, RV = 1000 Calculate the TLC.

The total volume of air Sally can inhale after a quiet exhalation is 3400 mL. When Sally is sitting still she inhales 400 mL and there is 2200 mL left in her lungs. Calculate or figure out from the information given in the question the following values TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV.

When at rest Jeremy inspires and expires 600 mL. While his lungs can hold 7000 mL of air only 5500 mL can move in and out, if he really, really tries. Normally, there is 3400 mL of air left in his lungs after a quiet expiration. Calculate or figure out TV, ERV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV, RV.

1) Describe the compartments through which body fluids are distributed within the body.

2) Explain how chemical buffer systems, the respiratory center, and the kidneys minimize changing pH values

An athletic 21-year old, African-American male in good health joined a climb partway up Mt. Rainier in Washington. Despite his overall fitness, the rigors of the climb were far greater than he expected, and he found himself breathing heavily. At an elevation of 6000 feet, he began to feel twinges of pain on the left side of his upper abdomen. At 9000 feet, the pain worsened to the point that he stopped climbing and descended the mountain. The pain became very severe during the days after his climb. He went to the emergency room, where tests revealed a disorder in his red blood cells due to an abnormal form of the protein hemoglobin. The patient had a condition called sickle-cell trait. Such individuals are carriers of the gene that causes sickle-cell disease. How does a gene mutation result in a change in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin and how does this impact a person's blood when exposed to low oxygen?

Unmarked drugs are tested on neurons in order to identify them. The conditions of the neuron are that it is only permeable to K, Cl and Na.

1. The first test depolarizes the resting membrane potential from -70mV to -20mV. What are two reasons for this happening?

2. The second test on a new neuron, hyperpolarizes them -70mV to -90mv? What happened?

3. The last test resulted in no effect at first, then the Vm goes to 0mV and remains there. Why does this happen?

Mrs. L is a 63-year-old woman who reports constant back pain. Further inquiry into her medical history revealed that over the past 3 years, she has suffered from fractures of her femur and wrist after minor falls. She experienced menopause at age 49. Mrs. L has a secretarial job, drives to work, and she “does not have time for exercise.” She reports that she consumes 8 to 10 cups of coffee a day and has been a smoker most of her adult life. She has not seen her physician recently nor had a recommended bone density test because of the time and cost involved.

1. Relate Mrs. L’s history to the diagnosis of osteoporosis. What risk factors are present, and how does each predispose to decreased bone density? what are the 3 risk factors and its predisposition?