Discuss the advantages of separate urinary and genital tracts. and discuss the evolutionary benefits of the current configuration differences between males and females.

2. A 48-year-old known hypertensive man is brought to the hospital with 3day history of fever and a productive cough. There is positive history of headache and is increasingly confused. Drug history include hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril for hypertension. Patient is allergic to amoxicillin. On examination, the temperature was 38.7°C [101.7°F]), blood pressure 90/54 mmHg, respiratory rate 36/min, and pulse 110/min. there was no signs of meningeal irritation but oriented only to person. A chest x-ray shows a left lower lung consolidation. A CT scan is not contributory

a. what is your working diagnosis and 2 differential diagnoses? b. what’s drug (s) of choice? Why c. what counselling wil you provide to the patient? d. write a summary on your diagnosis

least three characteristics unique to antigens, three characteristics unique to antibodies, and three characteristics that both antigens and antibodies share.

Acid-base balance of the blood

Mr. Un. Metabalki was brought to the ER. His arterial blood results contained the following: pH = 7.54, pCO2=40 mmHg, HCO3 - =34 mEq/L.

Mrs. I. Donno entered ER comatose and with shallow infrequent breaths. Her friend said she might have taken an overdose of a narcotic drug. Her arterial blood values were: pH = 7.18, pCO2=80 mmHg, HCO3 - =31 mEq/L.

It has been a busy day, but your shift is nearly over. It looks like your last patient will be Norman O’Normally. His arterial blood results are: pH = 7.38, pCO2=33 mmHg, HCO3 - =19 mEq/L.

Oops! One more patient’s lab results were found at the bottom of the pile. Before you go home, interpret her arterial blood data: pH = 7.43, pCO2=32 mmHg, HCO3 - =20 mEq/L

Q1. Of the following which one causes the contraction of smooth muscles behind a bolus of food?

A. Release of Acetycholine by sensroy neruons of the enteric nervous system

B. Release of acetylcholine by motor neurons of the enteric nervous system

C. Release of nitric oxide by Interstital cells of cajal

D. The release of epinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system

Q2. H+ is secereted in the stomach by?

A. H+/K+ ATPase pump

B. H+/HCO3- antiport

C. H+/Cl- symport

D. H+ ATPase pump

Q3 Of the following which one drains secertions from the pancreas, gall bladder, and the liver into the duodenum?

A. Cyctic duct

B. Pancreatic duct

C. Common bile duct

Q4. HCO3- is secereted from pancreatic cells into the pancreaic duct by which of the follwoing apical membrane transporters?

A. HCO3-/Cl- antiport

B. HCO3-/Cl- ATPase pump

C. HCO3-/H+ antiport

1. Explain the following developmental periods. Tell us what occurs during

   1. Implantation

   2. Gastrulation

   3. Neurulation

2. Name and explain the 3 parts of labor. Be sure to include that the placenta is composed of the __________ layer from the embryo and the mother’s __________________.

Identify the ways in which Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

1. patient enters your respiratory laboratory complaining of feeling lightheaded. You measure their tidal volume at 100ml per breath and respiratory frequency at 58 breaths per minute, an investigation of their lung capacity reveals a measured anatomic dead space of 90ml.

1a. What is their Minute Ventilation? Show all work. (2pts)

1b. What is their Alveolar Ventilation? Show all work. (2pts)

1c. Assuming their metabolism in normal, are they Hypo- or Hyper- ventilating, Explain your reasoning. (2pts)

1d. What should they do to relieve their lightheadedness? (2pts)

2. A crazed cardiologist has severed the bundle of HIS fibers in her patient’s heart. Draw a picture of what the patients EKG pattern would look like immediately after surgery (assuming the patient survives). Label the P, QRS and T waves. (3pts)

3a. A patient in your care has a pulse of 70 BPM, an end-systolic volume of 120ml. and an end-diastolic volume of 135ml. What is their Cardiac output? (4pts)

3b. Is the patient described above healthy? Give a physiologically plausible explanation of your diagnosis. Ie. what might be the cause of these results. (2pts)     

4. Describe the forces that determine the magnitude of the GFR. What is a normal value of GFR? (8 points)

5. Describe the process of fat emulsification. Additionally, describe the movement of fat digestion products from the intestinal lumen to a lacteal. (5 points)

outline the major changes that occur in the heart after birth. Include the location of these changes and the significance of each for both the fetus and the newborn

List the flow (path) of an erythrocyte from the renal artery ending in the renal vein (assume the RBC stays in the blood vessels which is what should happen in normal physiology).

The patient is a 38 year old male plant manager and new long distance runner presenting with complaints of left anterolateral hip and thigh pain. He was referred to physiotherapy from his orthopedist, who diagnosed him with greater trochanteric bursitis.
His onset of symptoms was 6 weeks prior to the initial evaluation, after running a marathon (26.2 miles). By the end of the race, he was in intense, constant pain, rated at a 5/10 that remained constant for 3 days after. His symptoms became intermittent, and have not changed much since that time. His plan was to run 4 marathons in the next year, but he has stopped running completely, as every time he runs the pain comes back to the same intensity it was immediately after the race.
Since becoming symptomatic he has tried many stretches and strengthening exercises he researched on the internet. He has also received advice from his massage therapist. However, the same pain comes back when he runs. He has good shoes, and changes them every 250-300 miles, per industry recommendations. Because of all of his research, he is concerned that this is an issue that is going to keep him from running altogether.
When asked if the patient had any imaging, he replied “only an xray”. Then he said, “Why, do you think I need an MRI?” Sensing fear of life-altering structural damage, the patient was assured that one of the goals of physiotherapy is to determine the right place for them. With a careful assessment over 2-3 visits, we should know if further testing is necessary.


1. Given the history, anatomy and function of the hip, which structures are you going to examine? Explain why and how you will perform the examination of these structures.
2. What functional activities would you assess and how would you establish these    functional baselines. How vigorous can you be in your examination?
3. What examination tests would you use, and why would you use them?
4. What other subjective information would you get from this runner?

Describe and illustrate the action potentials in a contractile ventricular myocardial cell and a cardiac nodal cell. Show how the ANS can affect the nodal cell action potential. Physiology