Question

Cardiovascular System

Blood

1. Blood is made up ______ plasma and _______ formed elements. Plasma is mostly ________ with dissolved __________.  
2. __________ account for most of the formed elements. These cells transport ___________. RBCs are produced in the ________ in response to ________ that is produced in the ________ in response to _________
3. White blood cells are a part of the __________. The most common white blood cells are __________ and the least common are ________. ___________ kill bacteria; _________ produce antibodies; ______ fight parasites; ________ scavenge debris.
4. Your blood type is based on the _________ on the surface of the RBCs. There are _______ possible blood types. The two most common blood types are __________. The universal donor blood type is ________; the universal acceptor blood type is _______. The possible genotypes for A, B, AB, O blood are_________. Type AB+ blood has ___________ antigens and _______antibodies. Type O+ has ________antigens and _______antibodies. Type A- blood can be safely transfused to __________ recipients

Heart Physiology

1. The period of ventricular relaxation is called _________ and the period of ventricular contraction is called _________. The first heart sound is heard during _________ and the second heart sound is heard during ________. The volume of blood in one ventricle at the end of systole is called _________; the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole is called ________; the volume of blood that is ejected during systole is called the _________
2. The 5 phases of the cardiac cycle are ____________. Blood leaves the ventricles during __________; blood enters the ventricles during ________.
3. The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the ___________. Pacemaker cells are needed in order to activate __________ which are responsible for ____________.   Electrical activity spreads from the SA node to the ____________ and finally to the ________ which trigger the contraction of the ________.
4. The three phases of the action potential of non-pacemaker cells are __________. ________ is caused by the influx of _________. Calcium influx during the ________ triggers the release of calcium from the _________. This calcium is necessary to allow for ________
5. The three waves of the EKG are ___________. The _________ precedes ventricular contraction; the ________ precedes atrial contraction. Repolarization of the ventricles generates the ________.
6. The cardiac output is __________ it is equal to SV x ______. The cardiac reserve is the ________
7. The maximum pressure generated by the ventricle is called the ___________. The minimum pressure generated by the ventricle is called the _________. The average pressure during one cardiac cycle is called the _________. The SP, DP, PP, MAP of a patient with a blood pressure reading of 120/80 is ___________.
8. The baroreceptor reflex: High blood pressure activates baroreceptors in the _______ which relay information through CN ________ to the __________ and _________ centers. The integrating centers will _______ blood vessels and __________ HR which will ________. Low blood pressure will lead to ______ of blood vessels, _______ of contractility, and ________ HR.
9. The DP and SP values for Normal blood pressure, Prehypertension, Stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension are _________
   
   

Skeletal Muscle System

Muscle Contraction

1. The phase of the sliding filament mechanisms are activation of myosin followed by __________; the last step is _______. The detachment phase requires ___________. The power stroke phase requires __________. A crossbridge is formed between _________. Calcium binds to ________ which is necessary for _________.
2. At the neuromuscular junction, __________ is released by the neuron; it binds to ________ on the muscle cell to eventually trigger ___________. Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are needed _________.
3. During ___________ contractions, the muscle stays at the same length; During _________ contractions, the muscle shortens; the muscle lengthens during ________ contractions
4. Type 1 muscle fibers produce ATP ________ and fatigue ________; type 2a fibers produce ATP ________ and fatigue ________; type 2b fibers produce ATP __________ and fatigue _______.

Endocrine System

Hormone Classes

1. Hormones can be chemically classified as _____________. __________ are water soluble and ________ are lipid soluble
2. Water soluble hormones bind to receptors ____________ which activate ___________. Lipid soluble hormones bind to ___________ and trigger ___________.
3. Hormones may interact ________________. Interactions in which the effect of one hormone depends on prior action of another hormone are called _________. _________ interactions have opposing effects and _________ interactions have amplifying effect

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

1. Hypothalamic hormones travel to the anterior pituitary through the ____________. TRH triggers the release of _________; CRH triggers the release of _______; GnRH triggers the release of _______; GHRH triggers the release of ________; dopamine inhibits the release of ________; somatostatin inhibits the release of ________.
2. ____________ and ___________ are made in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary by the _______________.
3. Hormone Effects
   1. __________ stimulates ovarian follicular growth and _________ stimulates sperm cell production; _________ stimulates the release of thyroid hormone; __________ stimulates the release of cortisol; __________stimulates milk production; _________ stimulates growth of bones and muscles
   2. Oxytocin triggers ________________ and ADH stimulates ____________.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland

1. Calcitonin _________________ and parathyroid hormone __________ blood calcium
2. Thyroid hormone is secreted as ___________ but the active form is ___________.
3. TH ________ATP production, _______ adrenergic receptors, and _________ brain development
   

Adrenal Gland

1. The zona glomerulosa produces _________; the zona fasciculata produces __________ and the zona reticularis produces ________.
2. Cortisol stimulates _____________; aldosterone triggers ___________; androgens trigger __________

Pancreas

1. Beta cells produce __________, alpha cells produce __________ and delta cells produce __________.
2. ___________ decreases blood glucose and _________ increases blood glucose; _________ maintains blood glucose levels
3. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the ___________; it normal onsets _________. Type 2 diabetes is caused by ___________.

Answer 1

Cardiovascular System

Blood

Blood is made up of straw coloured liquid plasma and blood cells called formed elements. Plasma is mostly water with dissolved solids

RBC account for most of the formed elements. These cells transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon di oxide from tissues to lungs . RBCs are produced in the red bone marrow and liver in response to erythropoietin that is produced in the kidneys in response to hypoxia.

WBC are a part of formed elements of blood. The most common WBCs are neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes and the least common are eosinophils and basophils. Neutrophils and monocytes kill bacteria; Lymphocytes produce antibodies; Eosinophils fight parasites; Basophil scavenge debris.

Your blood type is based on the antigen on the surface of the RBCs.There are four possible blood types. The two most common blood types are O and B. The universal donor blood type is 'O'; the universal acceptor blood type is 'AB'. The possible genotypes for A,B ,AB,O blood are AA or AO, BB or BO, AB and OO. Type AB+ blood has A,B and Rh (D) antigen and no antibodies. Type A- can be safely tranfused to A and AB (+ and -) recipients.

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