Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

As detailed as it can be describe what happened when the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems...

As detailed as it can be describe what happened when the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems are activated. Describe what happens to the body systems in each type of reaction.

Solutions

Expert Solution

Autonomic nervous system:

It consists of two antagonistic components- sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Sympathetic nervous system:

It is represented by the chain of 21 sympathetic ganglia on either side of the cord. It receives preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord which makes it exit along with thoracic and lumbar nerves and constitute thoracolumbar outflow.

From the sympathetic ganglia arise postganglionic fibres which terminate on the viscera. Each sympathetic ganglion is connected to the spinal cord by white communicans and the spinal nerve by grey communicans.

Some preganglionic fibres pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing and join to form splanchnic nerves emitting in some collateral ganglia. Postganglionic fibres are from the collateral ganglia supply digestive system and urogenital system.

Parasympathetic nervous system:

It consists of preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, parasympathetic ganglia and postganglionic parasympathetic fibres.

Preganglionic fibers make their exit along with the 3, 7, 9, 10 cranial nerves and 2, 3, 4 sacral nerves. Together they form the craniosacral outflow. The postganglionic fibres arise from these ganglions supply the viscera.

Neurotransmitter:

The neurotransmitter within the ganglion is acetylcholine for both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

In the sympathetic system, the neurotransmitter at the terminal synapse is there adrenaline and noradrenaline, both of which have an effect opposite to that of acetylcholine. If the sympathetic nerve ending excites a particular organ, the parasympathetic inhibit it.

Antagonistic role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system:

Organs sympathetic stimulation parasympathetic stimulation
Sweat glands stimulates perspiration -
Iris muscles dilates pupil constructs pupil
Digestive tract slows down peristalsis accelerates peristalsis
Heart increased heart rate and contractility decrease in heart rate and contractility
Bronchial muscles widens air passage to facilitate breathing narrows air passages, hindering brazing
Intestinal glands decreases secretion of intestinal juice promotes secretion of intestinal juice
Arrector pili causes erection of hair -
Gastric glands inhibit secretion of gastric juice stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
Pancreas inhibits the secretion of pancreatic juice stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
Salivary glands inhibits the of saliva stimulates the secretion of saliva
Liver inhibits bile secretion, release of glucose Promotes bile secretion, glycogen storage
Arteries constricts arteries, raises blood pressure dilates arteries, lowers blood pressure
Urinary bladder relaxes urinary bladder contracts urinary bladder, promotes urination

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