1. What is the main challenge most fish face when using their swim bladders? How are both the Bohr and the Root effects essential for fish swim bladder function?

Explain the significance of an elevated 2hr post challenge glucose value.

Discuss how cholinesterase inhibitors affect the physiology of neurons and nerve impulses.

Does the motor cortex send an individual axon for each M1 neuron down the corticospinal tract down to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord? And then would lower motor neurons receive all these axons and calculate the population code on their own? Or does the motor cortex calculate the population code of all of its neurons (or all of the neurons that represent the corresponding muscle) and send this information to the muscles? Also at what level are the signals muscle-specific?

Elevated potassium levels in the body (hyperkalemia) is a serious condition, resulting in a severely decreased ability for muscle fibers and neurons to reploarize. The adrenal cortex can respond to this. However, very high osmolarity shuts down this response. Explain this incongruity, by describing the response mechanism of the adrenal cortex.

Response 1:

• Explain the 3 germ layers and tell one part/organ that arises from each layer

Response 2:

• Include 2 developmental changes associated with aging.

Discuss the advantages of separate urinary and genital tracts. and discuss the evolutionary benefits of the current configuration differences between males and females.

2. A 48-year-old known hypertensive man is brought to the hospital with 3day history of fever and a productive cough. There is positive history of headache and is increasingly confused. Drug history include hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril for hypertension. Patient is allergic to amoxicillin. On examination, the temperature was 38.7°C [101.7°F]), blood pressure 90/54 mmHg, respiratory rate 36/min, and pulse 110/min. there was no signs of meningeal irritation but oriented only to person. A chest x-ray shows a left lower lung consolidation. A CT scan is not contributory

a. what is your working diagnosis and 2 differential diagnoses? b. what’s drug (s) of choice? Why c. what counselling wil you provide to the patient? d. write a summary on your diagnosis

least three characteristics unique to antigens, three characteristics unique to antibodies, and three characteristics that both antigens and antibodies share.

Acid-base balance of the blood

Mr. Un. Metabalki was brought to the ER. His arterial blood results contained the following: pH = 7.54, pCO2=40 mmHg, HCO3 - =34 mEq/L.

Mrs. I. Donno entered ER comatose and with shallow infrequent breaths. Her friend said she might have taken an overdose of a narcotic drug. Her arterial blood values were: pH = 7.18, pCO2=80 mmHg, HCO3 - =31 mEq/L.

It has been a busy day, but your shift is nearly over. It looks like your last patient will be Norman O’Normally. His arterial blood results are: pH = 7.38, pCO2=33 mmHg, HCO3 - =19 mEq/L.

Oops! One more patient’s lab results were found at the bottom of the pile. Before you go home, interpret her arterial blood data: pH = 7.43, pCO2=32 mmHg, HCO3 - =20 mEq/L

Q1. Of the following which one causes the contraction of smooth muscles behind a bolus of food?

A. Release of Acetycholine by sensroy neruons of the enteric nervous system

B. Release of acetylcholine by motor neurons of the enteric nervous system

C. Release of nitric oxide by Interstital cells of cajal

D. The release of epinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system

Q2. H+ is secereted in the stomach by?

A. H+/K+ ATPase pump

B. H+/HCO3- antiport

C. H+/Cl- symport

D. H+ ATPase pump

Q3 Of the following which one drains secertions from the pancreas, gall bladder, and the liver into the duodenum?

A. Cyctic duct

B. Pancreatic duct

C. Common bile duct

Q4. HCO3- is secereted from pancreatic cells into the pancreaic duct by which of the follwoing apical membrane transporters?

A. HCO3-/Cl- antiport

B. HCO3-/Cl- ATPase pump

C. HCO3-/H+ antiport

1. Explain the following developmental periods. Tell us what occurs during

   1. Implantation

   2. Gastrulation

   3. Neurulation

2. Name and explain the 3 parts of labor. Be sure to include that the placenta is composed of the __________ layer from the embryo and the mother’s __________________.

Identify the ways in which Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.