Question

PART A QUESTIONS:

Choose 1 variable from the list below:

 low blood calcium levels

 low blood sodium levels

Then, perform research to answer the following questions about the variable you chose.

A) Determine the negative feedback cycle by which the variable you chose is restored to normal blood levels. List the 5 components of the cycle in order, like this:

1. Variable = choose 1 from list above

2. sensor/receptor =

3. control center =

4. effector(s) =

5. physiological response(s) =

B) Name at least 3 organ systems involved in regulating the variable that you chose and describe HOW each system is involved. Hint: use Chapter 9 covering the endocrine system as one of your references. NOTE: this question asks for the names & descriptions of 3 SYSTEMS (ex. cardiovascular system), not individual organs (ex. heart)

. II. A&P: The human body is capable of performing a variety of functions due to its complex structural organization (anatomy). Choose 2 human organs, ex. stomach, eye, triceps muscle, heart, etc. For each organ that you chose:

A) List 5 words which describe the organ's anatomy ~ such as shape, size, structure, color, location, texture, tissue composition and organization, solid/hollow, hard/soft ~ these are examples of anatomical (structural) descriptors; words that describe anatomy are usually adjectives

B) List at least 2 functions of each organ that you chose. Physiology includes what the organ does, why the body needs it, and the jobs achieved by that organ related to serving the body as a whole in order to maintain health ~ such as ability to contract, digest, secrete, communicate, regulate, transport, clean, protect, etc. ~ functions are usually verbs (action words)

Part B: Biochemistry (Ch. 2) (20 points)

INTRODUCTION: Use your textbook (Ch. 2) and reliable websites to answer the following question related to biochemistry in the human body. Write your answers in complete sentences with correct spelling and grammar. Provide definitions for any scientific terms included in your answer.

PART B FORMAT EXAMPLE: For each numbered item, write the number, the topic of the question (in UPPER CASE font) and your answer(s) to the questions. Follow the example below.

1. ELEMENTS

A answer

B. answer

2. TRACE ELEMENTS

Write TRUE or FALSE and justify your answer

3. etc.

PART B QUESTIONS:

1) ELEMENTS

A. Name the 5 most abundant elements in the human body, in order of most abundant to least.

B. Create a mnemonic to remember this information. HINT: refer to this website to learn about mnemonics: https://literaryterms.net/mnemonic/

2) TRACE ELEMENTS TRUE or FALSE: Trace elements are not required for human life. Justify your response by defining what a “trace element” is and discussing 2 examples that support your answer.

3) CHEMICAL EQUATION

A. Balance this equation: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

B. Which chemicals are the reactants (substrates)? Name them.

C. Which are the products? Name them.

D. What is the name of this chemical reaction?

E. Cells must be able to perform this chemical reaction TO STAY ALIVE. Why is this reaction critical for cell life?

F. This reaction produces the most common cellular waste product in the body – carbon dioxide. High levels of carbon dioxide cause blood pH to fall, making plasma acidic – this can lead to metabolic problems. How does the body get rid of CO2?.

4) SOLUTIONS Plasma is the liquid component of blood (cells have been removed). It is mostly made of water plus solutes. It is one of many aqueous solutions in the human body.

A. What is the solvent in plasma?

B. Name at least 5 solutes in plasma.

C. In addition to blood (plasma), there are other water-based solutions present inside the human body or secreted/excreted from the body which are water-based. Name 3 other aqueous solutions that the human body produces.

5) SUBATOMIC PARTICLES & ATOM STABILITY

A. When is an atom most stable?

B. Which subatomic particles participate in bond formation?

C. Where are these particles located?

6) CHEMICAL BONDS

A. Name and define the 3 types of chemical bonds.

B. Which type of bond is the strongest? Which is the weakest?

7) MACROMOLECULES Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules which are polymers. These macromolecules are in our food, bloodstream, and the structural components of the cell. Name the monomers (smallest building blocks) of each type of macromolecule below:

A. Carbohydrates:

B. Proteins:

C. Nucleic acids:

*Can someone please answer all of these I have no idea

Answer 1

A).

Dear student i m also attaching the flowcharts u need for reference ... Apart from this i iave also made a flowchart and attached..

Components of cycle:-

Variable: low Serum calcium levels

Sensor:- Calcium sensing receptor present on parathyroid gland

Control centre:- Parathyroid gland which releases parathormone

Effector. Physiological response

• Bone-. Increase activity of osteoclast that leads to resorption of bone releasing Calcium
• Kideny-. Increase synthesis of Cholecalcitriol that increase reabsorption of calcium from renal tubules
• Intestine-. Due to effect of calcitriol on small intestine calcium absorption is increased....

B). Three organ system involved are :-

Skeletal System- Bone

Renal System - Kidneys

Gastro- intestinal system- Small intestine.....

II...

A). STOMACH:- Anatomical Structure:-

shape, - J shaped The shape of the stomach depends upon the degree of
its distension and that of the surrounding viscera, e .g.
the colon. When empty, the stomach is somewhat
J-shaped (vertical) ; when partially distended,
it becomes pyriform in shape. In obese persons, it is
more horizontal. The shape of the stomach can be
studied in the living by radiographic examination after
giving a barium meal

size, - The stomach is a very distensible organ. It is about
25 cm long, and the mean capacity is one ounce (30 ml)
at birth, one litre (1000 ml) at puberty, andlVzto 2 liters
or more in adults.

structure, :-

In humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.

The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and sympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.

color, :- peach or red in color

location, :- , The stomach lies obliquely in the upper and left part of the abdomen, occupying the epigastric, umbilical andl left hypogaatric regions. Most of it lies under cover of the left costal margin and the ribs

Tissue composition and organization,:-  

the human stomach walls consist of a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, subserosa and serosa.

The inner part of the lining of the stomach, the gastric mucosa, consists of an outer layer of column-shaped cells, a lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa. Beneath the mucosa lies the submucosa, consisting of fibrous connective tissue. Meissner's plexus is in this layer.

Stomach is a Hollow visceral organ and is soft..

HEART:- ANATOMY:-

The heart is a conical hollow muscular organ situated
in the middle mediastinum. It is enclosed within the
pericardium. It pumps blood to various parts of the
body to meet their nutritive requirements. The Greek
name for the heart is cardin from which we have the
adjective cardia. The Latin name for the heart is cor from
which we have the adjective cororutry.
The heart is placed obliquely behind the body of the
sternum and adjoining parts of the costal cartilages, so
that one-third of it lies to the right and two-thirds to
the left of the median p1ane. The direction of blood flow,
from atria to the ventricles is downwards forwards and
to the left. The heart measures about 12 x 9 cm and
weighs about 300 g in males and 250 g in females....

The heart is loacted in mediastinum slightly deviated towards left side...

B). Functions osf:-

STOMACH:-

Functions of Slomoch
1 The stomach acts primarily as a reservoir of food. It
also acts as a mixer of food.
2 By its peristaltic movements it softens and mixes the
food with the gastric juice.
The gastric glands produce the gastric juice which
contains enzymes that play an important role in
digestion of food.
The gastric glands also produce hydrochloric acid
which destroys many organisms present in food and
drink.
The lining cells of the stomach produce abundant
mucus which protects the gastric mucosa against the
corrosive action of hydrochloric acid.
6 Some substances like alcohol, water, salt and few
drugs are absorbed in the stomach.
7 Stomach produces the "intrinsic factor" of Castle
which helps in the absorption of vitamin B12....

Heart:- The heart is the main organ in the circulatory system, the structure primarily responsible for delivering the circulation of blood and transportation of nutrients in all parts of the body. This continuous task uplifts the role of the heart as a vital organ whose normal operation is constantly required.

The heart performs the following important functions:

• The primary function of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body.
• It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide and wastes from the blood.
• It also helps to maintain adequate blood pressure throughout the body.

The heart functions in the following ways:

1. The arteries receive oxygenated blood from the heart and supply it throughout the body. Whereas, the veins carry the deoxygenated blood form all the body parts to the heart for oxygenation.
2. The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
3. The right ventricle pumps the blood received from the right atrium to the lungs.
4. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
5. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the body....

dear students due to our policy we are allowed to answer only one question but i have answered two ...

please repost other question in parts in different posts.