Question

1. A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain leads to which type of stroke
   1. Ischemic
   2. Hemorrhagic
   3. Embolic
   4. None of the above

2. Exercise and physical activity has positive impacts on all of the following risk factors for CVD except?
   1. Smoking
   2. Sedentary lifestyle
   3. Hypertension
   4. Impaired fasting glucose

3. What effect can chronic aerobic exercise have on resting heart rate?
   1. Increase
   2. Decrease
   3. No Change

4. Which of the follow would be considered an ‘average” VO2 max value for a college-aged man
   1. 25 ml/kg/min
   2. 30 ml/kg/min
   3. 40 ml/kg/min
   4. 55 ml/kg/min

5. Which of the following methods of “prescribing” exercise intensity would most closely approximate the desired percentage of VO2 max
   1. % heart rate max
   2. % heart rate reserve
   3. RPE
   4. % maximal ventilation

6. Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence VO2 max values
   1. Sex
   2. Genetics
   3. Test type (running vs cycling, etc.)
   4. Blood Pressure

7. Which of the following would represent a commonly used “field” test for cardiorespiratory endurance?
   1. 10 kilometer run test
   2. 1 mile walk test
   3. Repeated 50 meter sprint test
   4. Bruce protocol test on a treadmill

8. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that occurs following aerobic training that would lead to an increase in VO2 max?
   1. An increase mitochondria in skeletal muscle
   2. An increase in total blood volume
   3. An increase in lactate threshold
   4. An increase in cardiac output
   5. All of the above an adaptations that would increase VO2 max

9. Which of the following DOES NOT affect blood pressure
   1. Age
   2. Heart Size
   3. Obesity
   4. Salt intake

10. Which type of stoke occurs as a result of a blood clot blocking the flow of blood to an area of the brain?
    1. Ischemic
    2. Hemorrhagic
    3. Clotting
    4. Embolimic

Answer 1

1. Option 'b' (Hemorrhagic) is correct

Justification: When a blood vessel in brain ruptures or breaks, it spills blood into surrounding tissues and leads to a stroke called 'hemorrhagic stroke'. This hemorrhagic stroke is of 3 types.

Justification for incorrect options:

• Option 'a' is incorrect because ischemic stroke is caused by the blockage of artery which supplies blood to the brain, which results in reduced blood flow to oxygen to brain and it is NOT caused by the rupture of blood vessel in brain.
• Option 'c' is incorrect because embolic stroke is a type of ischemic stroke which is caused due to wandering (unnecessary movement) of blood clot into the brain and its entrapment inside artery.

So, option 'b' (hemorrhagic stroke) is correct.

2. Option 'b' (sedentery lifestyle) is the answer

Justification: Exercise and physical activity will not have any positive impact on sedentary lifestyle because it is a lifestyle which involves little or no physical exercise or activity. It is a type of sitting, reading, socializing and other such activities which will not be impacted positively by physical exercise. People with sedentary lifestyle are at higher risk of heart disease than people who smoke.

Justification for other options:

• Option 'a' smoking can be impacted positively by physical exercise or activity. Physical activity can show its positive impact on the negative impact of smoking because smoking is associated with lower exercise levels and hence, physical exercise can help in the negative impact caused by smoking.
• Option 'c': Exercise or physical activity shows positive impact on the hypertension as the blood pressure experience changes during exercise.
• Option 'd': Exercise can reduce the risk of developing diabetes, which is a risk factor for heart disease.

3. Option 'b' (Decrease) is correct

Justification: If chronic aerobic exercise is performed for a long period, it affects parasympathetic nerve by increasing stroke volume and by decreasing resting heart rate, which helps in reducing the risks of cardiovascular diseases.

Justification for incorrect options:

• Option 'a' is incorrect because chronic aerobic exercise decreases the rate of resting heart by increasing stroke volume but, it does NOT increase the heart rate. So, this option is incorrect.

4. Option 'c' (40 ml/kg/min) is correct

Justification: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) depends on age, gender and fitness. A college-aged man will achieve an average VO2 max of 40 ml/kg/min. VO2 max can be properly calculated by using Fick's law.

Justification for incorrect options:

• Other options are incorrect because those values are the average VO2 max values of athletes and females.

5. Option 'b' (% heart rate reserve) is correct

Justification: As % heart rate max does not necessarily place individuals at equivalent density above resting levels, some authors have recommended exercise intensity be relative to % heart rate reserve than that to % heart rate max. So, this option is correct.

Justification for incorrect options:

• Option 'a' is incorrect because % heart rate max does not place individuals at equivalent density above resting levels and hence, % heart rate reserve is recommended rather than % heart rate max.
• Option 'c' is incorrect because rate of perceived exertion (RPE) causes increase in heart rate and breath rate during exercise, which cannot be aided in VO2 max.

6. Option 'd' ( blood pressure) will not influence VO2 max values

Justification: Because studies have shown the negative interaction and influence between blood pressure and VO2 max values. Blood pressure cannot influence VO2 max values.

Justification for other options:

• Other options are correct because VO2 max values are affected by age, gender, genetics and exercise mode like running, cycling etc., So, these options will influence VO2 max values.

Thank you!